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The intensity of teachers’ use of teaching methods and its impact on learning outcomes
Korbel, Václav
2022 - Czech
One of the two principal aims of the Czech Republic’s national Strategy for Education Policy up to 2030+ is to transform both the content of school curricula and the methods used to teach them. For example, greater emphasis is to be placed on group activities, project-based teaching, the application of knowledge to various contexts and enquiry-based learning. Yet, to date, rather few studies have analysed how different types of teaching methods are used by primary school teachers in the Czech Republic or at the equivalent level abroad and what impacts their use has on learning outcomes. This study uses longitudinal data from a representative sample of primary school pupils to analyse what percentage of lessons — in the Czech Republic and abroad — make use of four specific teaching approaches: 1) lecturing, 2) appropriation, 3) comprehension and 4) testing. We then look into the relationship between these teaching methods and pupils’ progress in reading skills and mathematics between the fourth and sixth years of primary school. The data on teaching methods was gathered from fourth year primary school teachers via a questionnaire as part of TIMSS 2011. To estimate the relationship between teaching methods and learning outcomes, we make use of the fact that the pupils were tested in two subjects in both years. This means that we can estimate the difference in progress made when pupils are taught using each method with greater or lesser intensity in the two subjects (pupil level fixed-effects). Jedním ze dvou hlavních cílů národní Strategie vzdělávací politiky do roku 2030+ je proměna obsahu a způsobu výuky. Větší důraz má být kladen například na skupinové aktivity, projektovou výuku, aplikaci znalostí v různých kontextech nebo badatelskou výuku. Existuje ovšem relativně málo studií analyzujících využívání různých typů vyučovacích metod učiteli na prvním stupni základní školy v České republice (ČR) a zahraničí a jejich vztah s výsledky. Tato studie využívá longitudinální data reprezentativního vzorku žáků základních škol k analýze, v jakém procentu hodin se v ČR a zahraničí využívají čtyři typy metod: 1) přednášení, 2) osvojení, 3) porozumění a 4) testování. Kromě toho se zaměřujeme na otázku, jaký vztah mají vyučovací metody s pokrokem ve čtenářských dovednostech a matematice mezi 4. a 6. ročníkem. Vyučovací metody byly sbírány od učitelů čtvrtého ročníku formou dotazníků v rámci výzkumu TIMSS 2011. Pro odhad vztahu vyučovacích metod a výsledků využíváme faktu, že žáci byli v obou ročnících testováni ve dvou předmětech. Proto můžeme odhadnout, jak se liší pokrok, když je žák mezi předměty učen jinou intenzitou metod (fixní-efekty na úrovni žáka).
Keywords:
teaching methods; learning outcomes; primary school
Fulltext is available at external website.
The intensity of teachers’ use of teaching methods and its impact on learning outcomes
One of the two principal aims of the Czech Republic’s national Strategy for Education Policy up to 2030+ is to transform both the content of school curricula and the methods used to teach them. For ...
Compliance behavior under surveillance: introduction of the video assistant referee to European football
Trestcov, Ivan
2022 - English
This paper analyzes the effect of introducing the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) to European football. First, the setting allows for decomposition of the deterrence and monitoring effects in Becker’s (1968) model of crime. Second, I estimate the deterrence effect’s spillover outside the surveillance environment. Third, I find evidence of a much under-studied learning-by-punishment effect. This paper applies the difference-in-difference strategy to show that the introduction of VAR causes a significant decrease in the number of fouls in two German football leagues. VAR had an immediate impact on severe fouls, while the effect on penalty fouls is apparent after a 12 week adjustment period. Punishment intensifies the deterrence effect as punished players commit even fewer fouls than unpunished players. Moreover, the deterrence effect persists outside of the surveillance environment, i.e., there is a spillover effect on international competitions. I show that players from countries with VAR commit fewer fouls in international competitions than other players.
Keywords:
Becker model; video assistant referee; deterrence
Fulltext is available at external website.
Compliance behavior under surveillance: introduction of the video assistant referee to European football
This paper analyzes the effect of introducing the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) to European football. First, the setting allows for decomposition of the deterrence and monitoring effects in Becker’s ...
Rising energy prices and the increase in housing benefits: did it help?
Pertold, Filip; Pleticha, Petr
2022 - Czech
This study analyzes the effects of changes in the housing benefits policy in Czechia. In response to the surge in energy prices, the Czech government increased the maximum contributions for eligible households. Although the number of households drawing the contribution rose, their share among all eligible households dropped. V reakci na prudký růst cen energií, a tedy nákladů na bydlení od podzimu 2021 vláda Petra Fialy v lednu 2022 přistoupila ke zvýšení stropů – tj. normativních nákladů na bydlení. V této studii analyzujeme, jak toto opatření ovlivnilo počet domácností s nárokem na příspěvek a počet domácností, které příspěvek čerpají.
Keywords:
energy prices; housing benefits; Czech Republic
Fulltext is available at external website.
Rising energy prices and the increase in housing benefits: did it help?
This study analyzes the effects of changes in the housing benefits policy in Czechia. In response to the surge in energy prices, the Czech government increased the maximum contributions for eligible ...
Unemployment has not yet been affected by the energy crisis: a quick analysis of registered unemployment
Grossmann, Jakub; Münich, Daniel
2022 - Czech
The effects of the covid-19 crisis on registered unemployment have almost subsided. Excluding annual seasonal effects, the registered unemployment rate rose slightly in September '22. However, the Czech unemployment rate remains the lowest in the EU27. Gender, occupational, educational and age differences in unemployment rates persist. The development of the energy crisis has so far had a minimal impact on unemployment. Dopady krize covid-19 na registrovanou nezaměstnanost již téměř odezněly. Odhlédnuto od každoročních sezónních efektů registrovaná míra nezaměstnanosti v září ’22 mírně vzrostla. Česká míra nezaměstnanosti však zůstává nejnižší v celé EU27. Rozdíly v míře nezaměstnanosti žen a mužů, profesí, podle vzdělání a věku přetrvávají. Vývoj energetické krize měl dosud na nezaměstnanost dopad minimální.
Keywords:
energy crisis; unemployment
Fulltext is available at external website.
Unemployment has not yet been affected by the energy crisis: a quick analysis of registered unemployment
The effects of the covid-19 crisis on registered unemployment have almost subsided. Excluding annual seasonal effects, the registered unemployment rate rose slightly in September '22. However, the ...
For God, Tsar and Fatherland? The political influence of Church
Travova, Ekaterina
2022 - English
This paper investigates the influence of the Orthodox Church network in Post-Soviet Russia on individual political preferences and election results. I use the numbers of monks and nuns from Orthodox monasteries operated in the Russian Empire before the Revolution as historical religious markers to construct a Bartik-style instrument (1991). I find that a denser Church network increases the average local approval rating for the current president and the share of votes cast for the government candidate in presidential elections. Further analysis of mechanisms shows that, today, the extending Church network is increasingly less able to attract people to attend church and to substantially increase the share of practicing believers. However, it does affect the political preferences of those who, regardless of their faith in God, self-identify as Orthodox. The potential channel for persuasion is media.
Keywords:
Orthodoxy; Church; approval
Fulltext is available at external website.
For God, Tsar and Fatherland? The political influence of Church
This paper investigates the influence of the Orthodox Church network in Post-Soviet Russia on individual political preferences and election results. I use the numbers of monks and nuns from Orthodox ...
Violent conflicts and child gender preferences of parents: evidence from Nigeria
Sargsyan, Ella
2022 - English
Identifying the impacts of conflicts and understanding the origins of gender gaps are both seemingly unrelated but crucial questions in the literature. Focusing on the gap at the intersection of these two branches of literature, this study explores whether and how longrun exposure to violent conflicts contributes to and shapes the child gender preferences of parents. I use temporal and spatial variations in conflicts in Nigeria and combine the Uppsala Conflict Data Program and the Demographic and Health Surveys Program to perform the analysis. The results show that the effect of long-run exposure to violent conflicts on stated preferences (attitudes) for boys is not homogeneous. While conflict events with low or no civilian death increase preferences for sons, violence targeted at civilians works in the opposite direction and decreases preferences for boys. I find no evidence of translating these preferences into behaviour via sex-selective abortions. Instead, evidence shows that parents use the stopping rule to achieve the desired gender composition of children. Further, analysis also indicates that, in the districts affected by conflict, parents have a positive bias towards boys in terms of their postnatal health investment.
Keywords:
gender preferences; son preference; violent conflicts
Fulltext is available at external website.
Violent conflicts and child gender preferences of parents: evidence from Nigeria
Identifying the impacts of conflicts and understanding the origins of gender gaps are both seemingly unrelated but crucial questions in the literature. Focusing on the gap at the intersection of these ...
Access to financial resources and environmental migration of the poor
Rakhmetova, Aizhamal; Hoffmann, R.; Pytliková, Mariola
2022 - English
Despite an increasing number of studies, there is no scientific consensus on the extent and conditions under which environmental factors influence migration. In particular, little is known about the role played by financial resources that may facilitate or hinder migration under environmental stress. Empirical evidence shows that some households migrate in response to environmental hazards while others remain in place, potentially being trapped due to lack of resources, i.e. poverty constraints. However, little is known about how access to financial resources influences the decision of a household to stay or migrate. On one hand, financial resources can help to alleviate poverty constraints and to cover migration costs, thereby increasing migration (climate-driver mechanism), on the other hand, financial resources can also improve the adaptation capacities of households at the place they reside, and thus reduce migration responses to environmental changes (climate-inhibitor mechanism). To shed light on households’ migration decisions in response to climate shocks depending on their access to financial resources, we utilize rich micro-data from Indonesia and exploit two sources of variation in climate and cash transfers. Our results suggest that better access to financial resources facilitates the climate-inhibitor mechanism for short-term rainfall shocks and natural disasters. At the same time, better accessibility to financial resources enhances the climate-driver mechanism for accumulated rainfall shocks and temperature anomalies.
Keywords:
climate change; migration; financial resources
Fulltext is available at external website.
Access to financial resources and environmental migration of the poor
Despite an increasing number of studies, there is no scientific consensus on the extent and conditions under which environmental factors influence migration. In particular, little is known about the ...
Increase of CZK 395 billion compared to 2019: where the first draft expenditure in the state budget for 2022 was headed
Kolář, D.; Janský, Petr
2022 - Czech
The draft state budget (SB) for 2022 submitted at the end of summer 2021 by the outgoing government of Andrej Babiš planned for expenditures of 1,928 billion CZK. That would be 394.5 billion CZK, and 25.7% more than the actual expenditure of the SB in 2019. Such a significant increase in expenditure, unaccompanied by an adequate increase in revenues, would significantly increase the structural deficit of the SB. The new government of Petr Fiala has therefore decided to revise the original draft budget in a new provisional budget. In this study, we identify the expenditure items in the original draft of the SB that have changed most significantly from the situation in 2019. We also show to what extent the nominal growth in the SB items takes inflation into account, which was expected to be 10.2% in this period. Comparison with the actual expenditure of 2019 allows us to shield the direct expenditure consequences of the pandemic. In fact, according to the initial proposal of the SR, the assistance programmes for households and employers during the pandemic were already expected to be reduced significantly in 2022. Návrh státního rozpočtu (SR) pro rok 2022 předložený koncem léta ’21 odcházející vládou Andreje Babiše počítal s výdaji ve výši 1 928 miliard Kč. To je o 394,5 mld. Kč a 25,7 % více, než byly skutečné výdaje SR v roce 2019. Tak výrazný nárůst výdajů nedoprovázený adekvátním nárůstem příjmů by výrazně zvýšil strukturální deficit SR. Nová vláda Petra Fialy se proto rozhodla původní návrh rozpočtu přepracovat za cenu rozpočtového provizoria. V této studii identifikujeme ty výdajové položky původního návrhu SR, u kterých oproti skutečnosti roku 2019 došlo k nejvýznamnějším změnám. V rámci toho ukazujeme, do jaké míry nominální růsty položek SR zohledňují inflaci, která byla v daném období očekávána ve výši 10,2 %. Porovnání se skutečnými výdaji roku 2019 nám umožňuje odstínit přímé výdajové důsledky pandemie. Programy pomoci domácnostem a zaměstnavatelům v době pandemie totiž měly být podle původního návrhu SR v roce 2022 již výrazně výdajově utlumeny.
Keywords:
state budget; expenditures; Czech Republic
Fulltext is available at external website.
Increase of CZK 395 billion compared to 2019: where the first draft expenditure in the state budget for 2022 was headed
The draft state budget (SB) for 2022 submitted at the end of summer 2021 by the outgoing government of Andrej Babiš planned for expenditures of 1,928 billion CZK. That would be 394.5 billion CZK, and ...
Location choice and dispersal policies: Ukrainian war immigrants in the Czech Republic
Adunts, Davit; Kurylo, Bohdana; Špeciánová, J.
2022 - English
The large influx of Ukrainian immigrant refugees to the Czech Republic fleeing from the war has attracted the attention of many policymakers due to their unequal geographical distribution. The high concentration of refugees in some districts has the potential to burden the school and healthcare systems, as well as the housing market. This project aims to provide an explanation for the unequal distribution of refugees by studying the determinants of refugee location choices in the Czech Republic, including ethnic networks and employment prospects. We provided evidence of a positive association between the number of Ukrainian refugees and (i) the stock of previous Ukrainian immigrants (our measure of ethnic networks) and (ii) the number of available job positions. In addition, we conducted a review of previous studies on the effectiveness of dispersal policies and determined that such policies exert ambiguous effects on refugee labor market integration. Hence, dispersal policies need to consider the integration of refugees and their intentions to remain in the country.
Keywords:
Ukrainian refugees; Czech Republic; geographical distribution
Fulltext is available at external website.
Location choice and dispersal policies: Ukrainian war immigrants in the Czech Republic
The large influx of Ukrainian immigrant refugees to the Czech Republic fleeing from the war has attracted the attention of many policymakers due to their unequal geographical distribution. The high ...
Organization of knowledge and taxation
Kapička, Marek; Slavík, Ctirad
2021 - English
This paper studies how labor income taxation interacts with the organization of knowledge and production, and ultimately the distribution of wages in the economy. A more progressive tax system reduces the time that managers allocate to work. This makes the organization of production less efficient and reduces wages at both tails of the distribution, which increases lower tail wage inequality and decreases upper tail wage inequality. The optimal tax system is substantially less progressive than the current one in the United States. However, if wages were exogenous, the optimal tax progressivity would be much higher.
Keywords:
inequality; knowledge based hierarchies; income taxation
Fulltext is available at external website.
Organization of knowledge and taxation
This paper studies how labor income taxation interacts with the organization of knowledge and production, and ultimately the distribution of wages in the economy. A more progressive tax system reduces ...
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