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Household Food Insecurity in Urban Slums: A Case Study of Dhaka City, Bangladesh
BHATTACHARJEE, Poushali; VAGGI, Gianni; SASSI, Maria
2019 - English
Bangladesh is the 10th most densely populated country in the world which put stress on its ability to secure the equal right to food for all group of people irrespective of socioeconomic condition. The National Food Policy of the country declared slum households as one of the most distressed groups in terms of fulfilling the nutritional need. The capital city Dhaka alone is the living place of humongous number (1.06 million) of slum population. The study conducted on 580 households of Dhaka City Corporation area has identified 75.52% of the households as food insecure by comparing their calorie intake with the energy requirement threshold for Bangladesh (2430 Kcal/AE/Day). The majority share of the calorie in their everyday diet plan came mostly from cereals, sugar, oil, and outside meal, which showcased a poor quality of diet. The households spent the lion's share of their monthly expenditure (72.77%) only on food consumption, which compelled to cut off essential nonfood expenditure. The Inverse Hyperbolic Sine transformed Double Hurdle model has been applied, to analyze the determinants of the presence and depth of food insecurity among households, as it accommodates the heteroskedastic, correlated and not normally distributed error. The Per capita monthly income; percentage of food expenditure; diet diversity; household size; sex of household head; number of the female wage earner, children under five years and unemployed person within 15 to 64 years; proportion of adult female member and location of the slum were significant factors determining the food security status of households. Whereas, while exploring the determinants of the depth in food calorie gap among food insecure households, some other factors like wealth index, source of drinking water, overall HH security and migration of HH head from abroad came out as important factors along with the previous factor list except for the sex of the household head. To improve the situation of the slum dwellers, the government should concentrate on more coverage of social safety net programs, legal service provision of water and sanitation and human capital development-oriented program and training primarily focusing the women. Bangladesh is the 10th most densely populated country in the world which put stress on its ability to secure the equal right to food for all group of people irrespective of socioeconomic condition. The National Food Policy of the country declared slum households as one of the most distressed groups in terms of fulfilling the nutritional need. The capital city Dhaka alone is the living place of humongous number (1.06 million) of slum population. The study conducted on 580 households of Dhaka City Corporation area has identified 75.52% of the households as food insecure by comparing their calorie intake with the energy requirement threshold for Bangladesh (2430 Kcal/AE/Day). The majority share of the calorie in their everyday diet plan came mostly from cereals, sugar, oil, and outside meal, which showcased a poor quality of diet. The households spent the lion's share of their monthly expenditure (72.77%) only on food consumption, which compelled to cut off essential nonfood expenditure. The Inverse Hyperbolic Sine transformed Double Hurdle model has been applied, to analyze the determinants of the presence and depth of food insecurity among households, as it accommodates the heteroskedastic, correlated and not normally distributed error. The Per capita monthly income; percentage of food expenditure; diet diversity; household size; sex of household head; number of the female wage earner, children under five years and unemployed person within 15 to 64 years; proportion of adult female member and location of the slum were significant factors determining the food security status of households. Whereas, while exploring the determinants of the depth in food calorie gap among food insecure households, some other factors like wealth index, source of drinking water, overall HH security and migration of HH head from abroad came out as important factors along with the previous factor list except for the sex of the household head. To improve the situation of the slum dwellers, the government should concentrate on more coverage of social safety net programs, legal service provision of water and sanitation and human capital development-oriented program and training primarily focusing the women.
Keywords:
Slum; food insecurity; indicators; determinants; DH model; IHS transformation; Slum; food insecurity; indicators; determinants; DH model; IHS transformation
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Household Food Insecurity in Urban Slums: A Case Study of Dhaka City, Bangladesh
Bangladesh is the 10th most densely populated country in the world which put stress on its ability to secure the equal right to food for all group of people irrespective of socioeconomic condition. ...
National identity in the discourse of nationalist and populist parties in Europe: the dismantlement of multiple belonging and its social and political implications in terms of exclusion and development
PALACIOS HIDALGO, Romina Pamela; ŠERÝ, Miloslav; DUŠKOVÁ, Lenka
2019 - English
The popularity of right-wing populist parties has significantly increased in Europe in the last two decades. As a consequence, the impact of their discourse on national identity has also grown as these parties have progressively acquired stronger platforms for the dissemination of their ideas. In this context, the aim of the present research is to analyze and compare how national identity is constructed in the discourse of two European right-wing populist leaders, Viktor Orbán in Hungary and Matteo Salvini in Italy, and identify the mechanisms used by these figures for the dismantlement of multiple belonging in identity as well as the main social implications of this process in terms of exclusion and development. The present work uses Critical Discourse Analysis methods and theories to identify the discursive elements through which national identity and belonging are constructed by the right-wing populist parties. When contrasting the main messages conveyed by these parties regarding identity and belonging with globally agreed principles for human development, the evidence shows that the non-recognition of intersectional identities contributes to the exclusion of minorities and the legitimization of violence towards them, undermining their right to development. The popularity of right-wing populist parties has significantly increased in Europe in the last two decades. As a consequence, the impact of their discourse on national identity has also grown as these parties have progressively acquired stronger platforms for the dissemination of their ideas. In this context, the aim of the present research is to analyze and compare how national identity is constructed in the discourse of two European right-wing populist leaders, Viktor Orbán in Hungary and Matteo Salvini in Italy, and identify the mechanisms used by these figures for the dismantlement of multiple belonging in identity as well as the main social implications of this process in terms of exclusion and development. The present work uses Critical Discourse Analysis methods and theories to identify the discursive elements through which national identity and belonging are constructed by the right-wing populist parties. When contrasting the main messages conveyed by these parties regarding identity and belonging with globally agreed principles for human development, the evidence shows that the non-recognition of intersectional identities contributes to the exclusion of minorities and the legitimization of violence towards them, undermining their right to development.
Keywords:
national identity; belonging; right-wing populism; politics of fear; development; exclusion; national identity; belonging; right-wing populism; politics of fear; development; exclusion
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
National identity in the discourse of nationalist and populist parties in Europe: the dismantlement of multiple belonging and its social and political implications in terms of exclusion and development
The popularity of right-wing populist parties has significantly increased in Europe in the last two decades. As a consequence, the impact of their discourse on national identity has also grown as ...
Understanding Human-Centered Design in the Context of Global Health and Development
GOSZTONYI, Ákos; KYNČLOVÁ, Tereza; DUŠKOVÁ, Lenka
2019 - English
In this inquiry I problematize the emerging trend of adopting human-centered design (HCD) approaches in development projects and especially in projects related to global health. I locate my study in post-structuralist literature and provide a reading of the intertwined discourse of global health and development. I deploy the concepts of biopolitics, psychopolitics, episteme and biomedicalization to enable critical interpretations of HCD and the (re)constructions and (re)negotiations of the human in the center, after establishing the method of ensembling the corpus of my analysis. I pose the questions of who and what the human is in the center and what political implications may arise depending on its discoursive formations. I also highlight linkages between HCD and two development theories to help "development specialists" position themselves in relation to HCD. The thesis fills in the gap in the literature on HCD in terms of critically engaging with "scientific" representations of/in HCD projects through Foucauldian critical discourse analysis. The relevance of my study lies in the timeliness of the trend of applying HCD in development and global health, and in the rather novel application of discourse analysis. The interpretations I provide are opening the door for further analyses. In this inquiry I problematize the emerging trend of adopting human-centered design (HCD) approaches in development projects and especially in projects related to global health. I locate my study in post-structuralist literature and provide a reading of the intertwined discourse of global health and development. I deploy the concepts of biopolitics, psychopolitics, episteme and biomedicalization to enable critical interpretations of HCD and the (re)constructions and (re)negotiations of the human in the center, after establishing the method of ensembling the corpus of my analysis. I pose the questions of who and what the human is in the center and what political implications may arise depending on its discoursive formations. I also highlight linkages between HCD and two development theories to help "development specialists" position themselves in relation to HCD. The thesis fills in the gap in the literature on HCD in terms of critically engaging with "scientific" representations of/in HCD projects through Foucauldian critical discourse analysis. The relevance of my study lies in the timeliness of the trend of applying HCD in development and global health, and in the rather novel application of discourse analysis. The interpretations I provide are opening the door for further analyses.
Keywords:
human-centered design; global health; discourse analysis; psychopolitcs; biomedicalization; post-development; human-centered design; global health; discourse analysis; psychopolitcs; biomedicalization; post-development
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Understanding Human-Centered Design in the Context of Global Health and Development
In this inquiry I problematize the emerging trend of adopting human-centered design (HCD) approaches in development projects and especially in projects related to global health. I locate my study in ...
Climate Change and Internal Migration Patterns: A Case Study of Rural Pakistan
FATIMAH, Shifa; BERTOLI, Simone
2019 - English
In a changing natural environment, rural households adapt to increased risk in several ways. Sending one or more household members to a far off usually urban location is an adaptation strategy used in numerous developing countries across the world. The study analyses the extent of rural migration occurring due to climate change in Pakistan and examines how the migration patterns differ across genders. The study creates a unique longitudinal panel using the out-migration module of a nationally representative survey i.e. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18 and Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and finds that there is a significant and positive association between changing weather and migration out of rural areas. Moreover, this relationship is significant for both drought and floods where the probability to migrate across a longer time is higher for middle drought, heavy flood, and very heavy flood. The relationship between migration due to climate change and gender is also significant and the probability of females to migrate out of rural areas due to climatic shocks is high. In a changing natural environment, rural households adapt to increased risk in several ways. Sending one or more household members to a far off usually urban location is an adaptation strategy used in numerous developing countries across the world. The study analyses the extent of rural migration occurring due to climate change in Pakistan and examines how the migration patterns differ across genders. The study creates a unique longitudinal panel using the out-migration module of a nationally representative survey i.e. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18 and Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and finds that there is a significant and positive association between changing weather and migration out of rural areas. Moreover, this relationship is significant for both drought and floods where the probability to migrate across a longer time is higher for middle drought, heavy flood, and very heavy flood. The relationship between migration due to climate change and gender is also significant and the probability of females to migrate out of rural areas due to climatic shocks is high.
Keywords:
Rural; Migration; Pakistan; SPEI; Adaptation; Climate Change; Gender; Rural; Migration; Pakistan; SPEI; Adaptation; Climate Change; Gender
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Climate Change and Internal Migration Patterns: A Case Study of Rural Pakistan
In a changing natural environment, rural households adapt to increased risk in several ways. Sending one or more household members to a far off usually urban location is an adaptation strategy used in ...
Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Impact of Energy Consumption, Institution, and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions in ASEAN
HIDAYATI, Annisa Caesara; COMBES, Jean-Louis; COMBES MOTEL, Pascale
2019 - English
This study analyses the effect of economic growth to ASEAN countries on the environment and more specifically test the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve. The fixed-effects and panel cointegration models followed by FMOLS and DOLS have been utilized in determining factors that influence carbon dioxide emissions in ASEAN countries (Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Lao, and Vietnam). The results support the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Moreover, energy consumption has significant effect to carbon dioxide while quality of institutions and foreign direct investment are insignificant. From the findings it is hoped that it can give useful information to the influence of the variables to the pollution of carbon dioxide in ASEAN. This study analyses the effect of economic growth to ASEAN countries on the environment and more specifically test the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve. The fixed-effects and panel cointegration models followed by FMOLS and DOLS have been utilized in determining factors that influence carbon dioxide emissions in ASEAN countries (Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Lao, and Vietnam). The results support the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Moreover, energy consumption has significant effect to carbon dioxide while quality of institutions and foreign direct investment are insignificant. From the findings it is hoped that it can give useful information to the influence of the variables to the pollution of carbon dioxide in ASEAN.
Keywords:
ASEAN; economic growth; environmental degradation; GDP; CO2; energy consumption; FDI; panel data analysis; ASEAN; economic growth; environmental degradation; GDP; CO2; energy consumption; FDI; panel data analysis
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Impact of Energy Consumption, Institution, and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions in ASEAN
This study analyses the effect of economic growth to ASEAN countries on the environment and more specifically test the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve. The fixed-effects and panel ...
Explaining Rural-Urban Differentials in Child Nutritional Outcome in Nepal: An Application of Quantile Regression - Counterfactual Decomposition
TRITAL, Gopal; VAGGI, Gianni; SASSI, Maria
2019 - English
Rural-urban difference in child nutritional outcome is evident in most of the low-income countries, including Nepal. Minimization of rural-urban gap in child nutrition is imperative to ensuring equitable investment in early childhood development, especially in a predominantly rural country like Nepal. This study explains differentials in child nutritional outcome as measured by under-five stunting, thus, capturing prolong differences in the population-level deprivation in rural and urban areas. The primary objective of this study is to explain whether existing rural-urban differences in under-five child stunting is best explained by differences in the level of nutrition-sensitive endowments (covariate effect) or their returns (coefficient effect). This study utilizes recently developed Unconditional Quantile Regression (UQR) based methods to analyze the association between determinants of child stunting and child's heightfor-age at rural, urban, and country levels. Subsequently, UQR based decomposition of ruralurban differences in under-five child stunting is conducted in the entire distribution of child's height-for-age with further comparative analysis in the sub-sample of children belonging to age groups 0-23 and 24-59 months. Findings of this study indicate the dominance of covariate effects and minimal share of coefficient effects in explaining the rural-urban differences in under-five child stunting in Nepal. Household wealth, mother's education and health services environment comprising postnatal and antenatal care are found to explain most of the rural-urban nutritional gap in Nepal. Low levels of coefficient effects imply that interventions need not have fundamentally different approaches in rural and urban areas, and future policy efforts should instead prioritize equalization of nutrition-sensitive endowments. Rural-urban difference in child nutritional outcome is evident in most of the low-income countries, including Nepal. Minimization of rural-urban gap in child nutrition is imperative to ensuring equitable investment in early childhood development, especially in a predominantly rural country like Nepal. This study explains differentials in child nutritional outcome as measured by under-five stunting, thus, capturing prolong differences in the population-level deprivation in rural and urban areas. The primary objective of this study is to explain whether existing rural-urban differences in under-five child stunting is best explained by differences in the level of nutrition-sensitive endowments (covariate effect) or their returns (coefficient effect). This study utilizes recently developed Unconditional Quantile Regression (UQR) based methods to analyze the association between determinants of child stunting and child's heightfor-age at rural, urban, and country levels. Subsequently, UQR based decomposition of ruralurban differences in under-five child stunting is conducted in the entire distribution of child's height-for-age with further comparative analysis in the sub-sample of children belonging to age groups 0-23 and 24-59 months. Findings of this study indicate the dominance of covariate effects and minimal share of coefficient effects in explaining the rural-urban differences in under-five child stunting in Nepal. Household wealth, mother's education and health services environment comprising postnatal and antenatal care are found to explain most of the rural-urban nutritional gap in Nepal. Low levels of coefficient effects imply that interventions need not have fundamentally different approaches in rural and urban areas, and future policy efforts should instead prioritize equalization of nutrition-sensitive endowments.
Keywords:
Stunting; Rural-Urban; Unconditional Quantile Regression; Decomposition; Stunting; Rural-Urban; Unconditional Quantile Regression; Decomposition
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Explaining Rural-Urban Differentials in Child Nutritional Outcome in Nepal: An Application of Quantile Regression - Counterfactual Decomposition
Rural-urban difference in child nutritional outcome is evident in most of the low-income countries, including Nepal. Minimization of rural-urban gap in child nutrition is imperative to ensuring ...
A comparative study of external debt sustainability in highly indebted CIS member states
KURGANBAEV, Farhod; SASSI, Maria; VAGGI, Gianni
2019 - English
The thesis investigates external debt sustainability in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova on the basis of variables associated with the foreign economic activity of these countries. After discussing the current problems and vulnerabilities of countries related to the current account deficit and debt structure, sustainability zones are estimated in based on GDS. Based on that, as of 2017, all 4 countries met sustainability criteria. However, the results of the ADF test demonstrated the opposite, having established that all countries except Moldova did not achieve debt sustainability. The outcomes of accounting method did not show sufficient evidences of sustainability of current account balances in 4 countries. The thesis investigates external debt sustainability in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova on the basis of variables associated with the foreign economic activity of these countries. After discussing the current problems and vulnerabilities of countries related to the current account deficit and debt structure, sustainability zones are estimated in based on GDS. Based on that, as of 2017, all 4 countries met sustainability criteria. However, the results of the ADF test demonstrated the opposite, having established that all countries except Moldova did not achieve debt sustainability. The outcomes of accounting method did not show sufficient evidences of sustainability of current account balances in 4 countries.
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
A comparative study of external debt sustainability in highly indebted CIS member states
The thesis investigates external debt sustainability in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova on the basis of variables associated with the foreign economic activity of these countries. ...
Effectiveness of migration and remittances in improving the well-being of migrant-sending households: evidence from Tajikistan
TOKHIROV, Azizbek; BRŮHA, Jan; HARMÁČEK, Jaromír
2019 - English
Given the considerable amount of private cross-border transfers, their potential role in improving the well-being of households is significant. Nevertheless, a conclusive answer on the contribution of remittances to development of migrant-sending communities cannot be derived from the literature. The variety of seemingly contradictory theoretical predictions suggests that a consensus is unlikely to be achieved in the foreseeable future. At the same time, only few empirical studies have investigated the impact of remittances on households in Central Asia, the region which lies on the cross-roads of active migratory movements. This study is aimed to determine the extent to which the receipt of international remittances influences household subjective well-being by applying the latest data from nationally-representative surveys conducted all over Tajikistan. After controlling for potential endogeneity in the treatment effects model based on the process of mental accounting, the findings countenance the notion that remittances can exert positive effects on the household well-being when measured by satisfaction with life as-a-whole. However, the impact of remittances is not unequivocally positive with respect to evaluative measures of financial welfare. The duality in the way remittances affect material and non-material well-being patterns is caused by the heterogeneity of treatment effects across different economic contexts. Given the considerable amount of private cross-border transfers, their potential role in improving the well-being of households is significant. Nevertheless, a conclusive answer on the contribution of remittances to development of migrant-sending communities cannot be derived from the literature. The variety of seemingly contradictory theoretical predictions suggests that a consensus is unlikely to be achieved in the foreseeable future. At the same time, only few empirical studies have investigated the impact of remittances on households in Central Asia, the region which lies on the cross-roads of active migratory movements. This study is aimed to determine the extent to which the receipt of international remittances influences household subjective well-being by applying the latest data from nationally-representative surveys conducted all over Tajikistan. After controlling for potential endogeneity in the treatment effects model based on the process of mental accounting, the findings countenance the notion that remittances can exert positive effects on the household well-being when measured by satisfaction with life as-a-whole. However, the impact of remittances is not unequivocally positive with respect to evaluative measures of financial welfare. The duality in the way remittances affect material and non-material well-being patterns is caused by the heterogeneity of treatment effects across different economic contexts.
Keywords:
consumption; investment; migration; remittances; subjective well-being; consumption; investment; migration; remittances; subjective well-being
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Effectiveness of migration and remittances in improving the well-being of migrant-sending households: evidence from Tajikistan
Given the considerable amount of private cross-border transfers, their potential role in improving the well-being of households is significant. Nevertheless, a conclusive answer on the contribution of ...
Gender and climate adaptation in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) - operationalizing a gender responsive approach on The Global Climate Change Alliance Plus Initiative (GCCA+)
MARTINS PEREIRA, Ana Rita; BRUN, Jean-Francois; COMBES MOTEL, Pascale
2019 - English
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of countries in the Caribbean, Pacific and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS) regions, extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and positioned as key stakeholders in climate adaptation financing. Since 2007, the European Commission has been providing support to SIDS through the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) flagship that operates through policy dialogue and effective cooperation in technical and financial terms. This research aims to highlight the interlinkages between gender and climate change in the context of SIDS and to analyse the status of women and existing obstacles for women's empowerment in these countries. This is done reflecting a feminist political ecology perspective that considers the relevance of issues of gendered power relations and social inequalities in climate change processes. The subsequent analysis of gender-responsiveness the GCCA flagship offers practical examples and recommendations on how this scheme can adopt a stronger gender responsive approach to climate adaptation funding in SIDS through gender mainstreaming and it contributes to show how the European Union has the possibility to position itself as a global player committed to address gender equality. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of countries in the Caribbean, Pacific and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS) regions, extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and positioned as key stakeholders in climate adaptation financing. Since 2007, the European Commission has been providing support to SIDS through the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) flagship that operates through policy dialogue and effective cooperation in technical and financial terms. This research aims to highlight the interlinkages between gender and climate change in the context of SIDS and to analyse the status of women and existing obstacles for women's empowerment in these countries. This is done reflecting a feminist political ecology perspective that considers the relevance of issues of gendered power relations and social inequalities in climate change processes. The subsequent analysis of gender-responsiveness the GCCA flagship offers practical examples and recommendations on how this scheme can adopt a stronger gender responsive approach to climate adaptation funding in SIDS through gender mainstreaming and it contributes to show how the European Union has the possibility to position itself as a global player committed to address gender equality.
Keywords:
SIDS; gender; adaptation; climate change; feminist political ecology
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Gender and climate adaptation in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) - operationalizing a gender responsive approach on The Global Climate Change Alliance Plus Initiative (GCCA+)
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of countries in the Caribbean, Pacific and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS) regions, extremely vulnerable to the ...
Taxation and Economic Growth: Empirical evidence from Balkan countries
HETEMI, Fjolla; COMBES MOTEL, Pascale; BRUN, Jean-Francois
2019 - English
The transition process in the Balkans carried a significant amount of changes in the political, economic and institutional context. Fiscal reforms were one of the main changes which have been implemented during a short period of time, especially in the Western Balkan region. The aim of this paper is to develop a better understanding of how direct and indirect taxes affect economic growth in selected Balkan countries for the years 2000-2016. In order to investigate the relationship between taxes and growth, I apply panel data estimation techniques by using secondary data obtained from a few sources. The results of this project suggest that individual income taxes do not have a significant effect on growth, while corporate income tax shows a positive and significant effect only when adding new control variables or addressing a potential endogeneity issue in the model. Additionally, taxes on property show a strong negative impact on growth. Most importantly, taxes on international trade are positively correlated with economic growth which indicates the fact that most of the governments in the Balkans are still dependent on revenues that are coming from trade-related taxes. Overall, these countries should reconsider the potential challenges that can come with trade liberalization and should try to focus more on managing taxes more efficiently, in order to positively affect economic growth in the future. The transition process in the Balkans carried a significant amount of changes in the political, economic and institutional context. Fiscal reforms were one of the main changes which have been implemented during a short period of time, especially in the Western Balkan region. The aim of this paper is to develop a better understanding of how direct and indirect taxes affect economic growth in selected Balkan countries for the years 2000-2016. In order to investigate the relationship between taxes and growth, I apply panel data estimation techniques by using secondary data obtained from a few sources. The results of this project suggest that individual income taxes do not have a significant effect on growth, while corporate income tax shows a positive and significant effect only when adding new control variables or addressing a potential endogeneity issue in the model. Additionally, taxes on property show a strong negative impact on growth. Most importantly, taxes on international trade are positively correlated with economic growth which indicates the fact that most of the governments in the Balkans are still dependent on revenues that are coming from trade-related taxes. Overall, these countries should reconsider the potential challenges that can come with trade liberalization and should try to focus more on managing taxes more efficiently, in order to positively affect economic growth in the future.
Keywords:
Economic growth; Taxes; Panel data; Balkan countries; Economic growth; Taxes; Panel data; Balkan countries
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Taxation and Economic Growth: Empirical evidence from Balkan countries
The transition process in the Balkans carried a significant amount of changes in the political, economic and institutional context. Fiscal reforms were one of the main changes which have been ...
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