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Integrated national-scale assessment of climate change impacts on agriculture: the case of the Czech Republic
Arbelaez Gaviria, Juliana; Boere, E.; Havlík, P.; Trnka, Miroslav
2021 - English
In recent years, investigating climate change impacts in the agricultural sector at the national level has become a priority for adaptation decision-making. Most of these studies quantify the impacts\nof biophysical effects and often ignore the cross-sectoral interactions and economic effects on relative competitiveness, international trade, global food supply, and food prices for the Czech Republic. Ignoring future productivity changes globally under climate change scenarios can underestimate or overestimate climate change impacts at the national level. Here, we use GLOBIOM-CZE, a global economic model, as part of a climate change impact assessment framework to evaluate the impacts on the Czech agricultural sector in terms of environmental and economic indicators. By comparing with the baseline, the ensemble of scenarios suggests a decrease in crop area and production while increasing grassland, positively affecting livestock production by mid-century. Corn and barley show the most adverse response in production and area, while rapeseed increases under scenario RCP 8.5 with CO2 fertilization effect. Livestock products production is projected to increase, especially bovine meat and milk, as within RCP 8.5, no constraints are placed on growing greenhouse gas emissions. Keywords: climate change impacts; Czech agriculture; global assessment model Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Integrated national-scale assessment of climate change impacts on agriculture: the case of the Czech Republic

In recent years, investigating climate change impacts in the agricultural sector at the national level has become a priority for adaptation decision-making. Most of these studies quantify the ...

Arbelaez Gaviria, Juliana; Boere, E.; Havlík, P.; Trnka, Miroslav
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2021

Prevence vzniku a šíření přírodních požárů v bezprostředním okolí\npovrchových zdrojů pitné vody včetně metod pro odhad důsledků \npřípadného výskytu
Beranová, J.; Čermák, Petr; Albert, J.; Cienciala, Emil; Zatloukal, V.; Kudláčková, Lucie; Novotný, Jan; Zeman, Evžen; Kuráž, M.; Vizina, Adam; Trnka, Miroslav
2021 - Czech
Cílem metodiky je vytvoření pragmatického postupu hodnocení rizik vzniku a šíření přírodních požárů\nv bezprostředním okolí povrchových zdrojů pitné vody. V metodice jsou navrženy metody pro odhad\ndůsledků výskytu přírodních požárů na jakost povrchové vody, prognózu změny rizika výskytu požárů\nv důsledku klimatických změn a postup stanovení rizika sekundárního znečištění nádrží v důsledku\nzměny odtokových poměrů po přírodním požáru. Na tomto základě metodika navrhuje a diverzifikuje\npreventivní a operativní opatření. The aim of the methodology is to create a pragmatic procedure for assessing the risks of the occurrence and spread of natural fires\nin the immediate vicinity of surface sources of drinking water. Methods for estimation are proposed in the methodology\nconsequences of the occurrence of natural fires on the quality of surface water, the prognosis of the change in the risk of fires\ndue to climate change and the procedure for determining the risk of secondary pollution of reservoirs due to\nchanges in runoff conditions after a natural fire. On this basis, the methodology designs and diversifies\npreventive and operational measures. Keywords: natural fires; drinking water; climate change; reservoirs; preventive measures Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Prevence vzniku a šíření přírodních požárů v bezprostředním okolí\npovrchových zdrojů pitné vody včetně metod pro odhad důsledků \npřípadného výskytu

Cílem metodiky je vytvoření pragmatického postupu hodnocení rizik vzniku a šíření přírodních požárů\nv bezprostředním okolí povrchových zdrojů pitné vody. V metodice jsou navrženy metody pro ...

Beranová, J.; Čermák, Petr; Albert, J.; Cienciala, Emil; Zatloukal, V.; Kudláčková, Lucie; Novotný, Jan; Zeman, Evžen; Kuráž, M.; Vizina, Adam; Trnka, Miroslav
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2021

A variety of transpiration in the young spruce stands with different thinning management
Zavadilová, Ina; Szatniewska, Justyna; Vágner, Lukáš; Krejza, Jan; Pavelka, Marian
2021 - English
Managing the spruce forest growing beyond its favourable conditions is trading between water consumption and increasing biomass. We examined tree transpiration in four stands with different thinning intensities in a 40-year-old spruce forest in South Moravia. Tree transpiration was significantly higher under moderate and heavy intensity compared to low intensity and control plots. Tree transpiration differed also among trees of different sizes within the treatments and also between the treatments. The stem increment was visibly increasing with the intensity of treatment, particularly for suppressed trees. The findings show an ecological tree response two years after the thinning. Keywords: norway spruce; norway spruce; water consumption; sap flow; biomass production; thinning treatment Available at various institutes of the ASCR
A variety of transpiration in the young spruce stands with different thinning management

Managing the spruce forest growing beyond its favourable conditions is trading between water consumption and increasing biomass. We examined tree transpiration in four stands with different thinning ...

Zavadilová, Ina; Szatniewska, Justyna; Vágner, Lukáš; Krejza, Jan; Pavelka, Marian
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2021

Yield formation parameters of winter wheat under two CO2 levels in water sufficient and depleted environment
Hlaváčová, Marcela; Klem, Karel; Veselá, Barbora; Findurová, Hana; Hlavinka, Petr; Smutná, P.; Horáková, V.; Škarpa, P.; Trnka, Miroslav
2021 - English
Agricultural production faces with ongoing climate that in Europe takes form of changing seasonal precipitation pattern with more frequent drought spells. These changes come on top of rising air temperature and did and will affect productivity as well as onset and duration of key developmental stages for yield formation of major staple crops such as wheat. In order to ensure stable agricultural production and satisfy demand of the increasing humanpopulation, it is crucial to know responses of major field crops to these abiotic stress factors to assess suitability of genotypes to specific environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate final yield formation parameters of five winter wheat genotypes cultivated in pots and exposed to two different levels of CO2 concentrations (400 ppm as ambient and 700 ppm as elevated CO2 concentrations) and two water treatments (well- watered control and drought-stressed plants). Theexperimental treatments were set up in growth chambers from the end of heading stage (BBCH 59)to the beginning of ripening stage (BBCH 71) to simulate the conditions under future climate. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration led to: (1) mitigation of reduction in final yield formation parameters of drought-stressed plants compared to those of control, (2) enhanced results of drought-stressed treatments compared to those of drought-stressed treatments exposed to the ambient CO2 concentration. Pannonia NS was found out as the less responsive genotype to the exposition of CO2 concentration (no statistically significant differences among ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations in all yield formation parameters were identified). On contrary, harvest index of genotype Bohemia was identified as the most sensitive parameter in response to drought stress as well as to the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Keywords: drought stress; elevated co2; triticum aestivum; growth chambe; yield formation parameters Fulltext is available at external website.
Yield formation parameters of winter wheat under two CO2 levels in water sufficient and depleted environment

Agricultural production faces with ongoing climate that in Europe takes form of changing seasonal precipitation pattern with more frequent drought spells. These changes come on top of rising air ...

Hlaváčová, Marcela; Klem, Karel; Veselá, Barbora; Findurová, Hana; Hlavinka, Petr; Smutná, P.; Horáková, V.; Škarpa, P.; Trnka, Miroslav
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2021

Atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity and nitrogen nutrition affect spring barley response to drought and heat stress
Findurová, Hana; Veselá, Barbora; Opoku, Emmanuel; Klem, Karel
2021 - English
The aim of this study was to compare physiological responses of two spring barley varieties,\ndiffering in their oxidative stress tolerance, to drought and heat stress after pre-treatment under different\nirradiation regimes, CO2 concentrations, and nitrogen fertilisation levels. High light intensity, elevated\nCO2, and additional UV radiation increased flavonoid accumulation. Moreover, more flavonoids were\ninduced in oxidative stress-sensitive variety Barke. Combined drought and heat stress caused a large\ndecline in CO2 assimilation, whereas heat stress alone caused only minor changes. Under combined\nstress, plants grown under low light intensity and no UV irradiation performed the best despite their\nhigher initial water use efficiency and lower flavonoids content. Keywords: flavonoids; co2 assimilation; water use-efficiency; barke; bojos Fulltext is available at external website.
Atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity and nitrogen nutrition affect spring barley response to drought and heat stress

The aim of this study was to compare physiological responses of two spring barley varieties,\ndiffering in their oxidative stress tolerance, to drought and heat stress after pre-treatment under ...

Findurová, Hana; Veselá, Barbora; Opoku, Emmanuel; Klem, Karel
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2021

Interactive effects of adaptation technology, based on no-till sowing into the mulch of cover crop residues, and nitrogen nutrition on photosynthetic performance of maize under drought stress
Opoku, Emmanuel; Holub, Petr; Findurová, Hana; Veselá, Barbora; Klem, Karel
2021 - English
The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive effect of adaptation technology based on no-till sowing into cover crop mulch and nitrogen nutrition on photosynthetic performance of maize under short term drought stress induced by rain-out shelters. The experiment was established in two locations in the same climatic condition but differing in soil fertility. The negative effect of drought on CO2 assimilation rate was modulated by nitrogen nutrition. However, while nitrogen nutrition led to alleviating effect at the location with higher fertility, the opposite effect was found at the site with lower fertility. Adaptation technology had only a minor impact on photosynthetic response to drought, but it generally increased CO2 assimilation rate at the site with higher soil fertility and decreased at the site with lower soil fertility. We can conclude that adaptation technology, despite of assumptions, did not significantly change the resilience of maize to drought, and probably longer use of such technology is required to improve soil water retention and thus also balanced supply of water to plants. \nAt the same time, we did not find a negative impact of adaptation technology on photosynthesis which can be related to cooler soil during maize emergence and slower mineralization, although the use of adaptation technology seems to be more effective in soils with higher fertility. Keywords: climate change adaptation; cover crops; drought; nitrogen nutrition; photosynthetic rate Fulltext is available at external website.
Interactive effects of adaptation technology, based on no-till sowing into the mulch of cover crop residues, and nitrogen nutrition on photosynthetic performance of maize under drought stress

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive effect of adaptation technology based on no-till sowing into cover crop mulch and nitrogen nutrition on photosynthetic performance of maize under ...

Opoku, Emmanuel; Holub, Petr; Findurová, Hana; Veselá, Barbora; Klem, Karel
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2021

Effect of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen nutrition on mais response to short-term high temperature and drought stress
Simor, J.; Klem, Karel
2021 - English
Within an experiment conducted in open top chambers in which two mais genotypes differing in stay-green trait were cultivated under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (EC) in comparison\nwith ambient CO2 concentration (AC), and in two contrast levels of nitrogen nutrition, the effect of acclimation to these factors on photosynthetic performance and water use efficiency, and subsequent response to short-term high temperature and drought stress was studied. Although EC improved water use efficiency, this effect did not alleviate the response to drought stress, and under some combinations of factors even led to a decrease in CO2 assimilation rate under drought stress. Differences in the stay- green trait between genotypes did not have a major effect on the response to high temperature and drought stress. Differences between genotypes were manifested mainly in the interaction with nitrogen nutrition, while in the Korynt genotype, non fertilised variants showed a lower response of CO2 assimilation rate to drought. Slight alleviating effect of higher nitrogen dose was found under EC conditions, while no nitrogen fertilisation rather increased drought resilience under AC conditions. Keywords: mais; elevated carbon dioxide; nitrogen nutrition; drought stress Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Effect of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen nutrition on mais response to short-term high temperature and drought stress

Within an experiment conducted in open top chambers in which two mais genotypes differing in stay-green trait were cultivated under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (EC) in comparison\nwith ...

Simor, J.; Klem, Karel
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2021

Vyhodnocení rizika a předpověď přírodních požárů v bezprostředním okolí \npovrchových zdrojů pitné vody.
Trnka, Miroslav; Kudláčková, Lucie; Čermák, P.; Balek, Jan; Novotný, Jan; Homolová, Lucie; Semerádová, Daniela; Brovkina, Olga; Štěpánek, Petr; Zahradníček, Pavel; Skalák, Petr; Bláhová, Monika; Benáček, Patrik; Fischer, Milan; Sedlák, Pavel; Janouš, Dalibor; Žalud, Zdeněk; Marek, Michal V.; Možný, M.; Hájková, L.; Chuchma, F.; Knozová, G.; Beranová, J.; Zatloukal, V.; Albert, J.; Mašková, R.; Cienciala, E.; Vizina, A.; Nesládková, M.; Melišová, E.; Hanel, M.
2021 - Czech
Metodika formuluje postup hodnocerí rizika vzniku a šíření přírodních požárů v bezprostředním okolí povrchových zdrojů pitné vody. V metodice jsou navrženy metody pro odhad důsledků výskytu\npřírodních požárů na jakost povrchové vody, prognózu změny rizika výskytu požárů v důsledku klimatických změn a postup stanovení rizika sekundárního znečištění nádrží v důsledku změny odtokových poměrů po přírodním požáru. Na tomto základě metodika navrhuje a diverzifikuje preventivní a operativnÍ opatření. Opatřerí byla navržena v návaznosti na výsledky modelování na pilotní lokalitě Hadce v blízkosti nádrže Švihov a rovněž v návaznosti na zkušenosti s nepříznivými dopady rozsáhlého odlesnění na jakost vody v nádržích Vranov a Vír. The methodology formulates a procedure for assessing the risks of the occurrence and spread of natural fires in the immediate vicinity of surface sources of drinking water. The methodology\nproposes methods for estimating the consequences of natural fires on surface water quality, forecasting the change in the risk of fires due to climate change and the procedure for determining the risk of secondary pollution of reservoirs due to changes in run off after a natural fire. On this basis, the methodology proposes and diversifies preventíve and operational measures.The measures were designed in connection to modeling results for the Hadce pilot síte near the Švihov reservoir and the experience with the adverse effects of extensive deforestation on the water quality in the Vranov and Vír reservoirs. Keywords: natural fires; meteorology; risk; water resources; surface water; protection of water resources Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Vyhodnocení rizika a předpověď přírodních požárů v bezprostředním okolí \npovrchových zdrojů pitné vody.

Metodika formuluje postup hodnocerí rizika vzniku a šíření přírodních požárů v bezprostředním okolí povrchových zdrojů pitné vody. V metodice jsou navrženy metody pro odhad důsledků ...

Trnka, Miroslav; Kudláčková, Lucie; Čermák, P.; Balek, Jan; Novotný, Jan; Homolová, Lucie; Semerádová, Daniela; Brovkina, Olga; Štěpánek, Petr; Zahradníček, Pavel; Skalák, Petr; Bláhová, Monika; Benáček, Patrik; Fischer, Milan; Sedlák, Pavel; Janouš, Dalibor; Žalud, Zdeněk; Marek, Michal V.; Možný, M.; Hájková, L.; Chuchma, F.; Knozová, G.; Beranová, J.; Zatloukal, V.; Albert, J.; Mašková, R.; Cienciala, E.; Vizina, A.; Nesládková, M.; Melišová, E.; Hanel, M.
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2021

Metodika pro hodnocení vlivu subletálních dávek pesticidů na samotářské včely s využitím OMICS přístupu
Erban, T.; Shcherbachenko, E.; Šlachta, Martin; Cudlín, Pavel; Chalupníková, J.; Halešová, T.; Tomešová, D.; Václavíková, M.; Votavová, A.
2021 - Czech
Opylovači jsou v prostředí potenciálně vystaveni působení řadě pesticidů. Nejdůležitější\nskupina rizikových látek pochází z kategorie prostředků na ochranu rostlin (POR), které aplikují\nnejen zemědělci, ale i drobní zahrádkáři. Každý POR, počínaje účinnou látkou a konče jeho\nkonkrétní formulací, prochází velmi podrobným a přísným hodnocením, které v Evropské unii\n(EU) vychází z nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (ES) č. 1107/2009. Ačkoliv jsou při\nsprávném zacházení negativní vlivy POR na životní prostředí a necílové organismy\nminimalizovány, nemůžeme vyloučit možné skryté účinky subletálního charakteru. K identifikaci\nskrytých vedlejších účinků napomáhají moderní analytické přístupy, jako je aplikace\nvysokokapacitních metod. Předložená metodika je zaměřena na hodnocení vlivu subletálních\ndávek pesticidů na samotářské včely s využitím OMICs přístupu. Při hodnocení rizik pesticidů je\njako modelový druh opylovače dlouhodobě upřednostňována včela medonosná, zatímco\nsamotářské včely stojí v pozadí. Pro experimenty a hodnocení rizik je nutné si uvědomit zcela\nodlišný životní cyklus a životní strategie samotářských včel v porovnání s vysoce sociální včelou\nmedonosnou. Metodika obsahuje inovativní aspekty pro experimenty, jako je modifikovaný\nizolátor, příprava rostlin pro expozici, načasování experimentu, sledování distribuce aktivních látek\nči proteomická analýza samotářských včel pro identifikaci skrytých účinků sledované látky nebo\njejí formulace. V této metodice byla jako modelový druh vybrána samotářská včela zednice rezavá\n(Osmia bicornis). Metodika je však aplikovatelná i na jiné, zejména příbuzné druhy samotářských\nvčel. Metodika může najít využití v oblastech státní správy, v soukromých laboratořích i ve\nvýzkumné činnosti při hodnocení environmentálních rizik pesticidů na samotářské včely.\nMetodický postup může potvrdit nebo vyloučit environmentální rizika při registraci nových\npřípravků nebo reevaluaci stávajících přípravků. Tato metodika má proto potenciál pro využití při\ntestování nových látek určených na ochranu rostlin před jejich registrací. V příkladu provedení byl\ntestován vliv acetamipridu ve formulaci Careo tyčinek. Byla hodnocena distribuce acetamipridu\nv půdním substrátu a v rostlině. V rostlinných pletivech byl identifikován rizikový metabolit\nacetamipridu IM-2-1. Proteomická analýza však ukázala velmi malé nebezpečí acetamipridu pro\nO. bicornis. Tento výsledek je v souladu s tím, že acetamiprid byl EFSA vyhodnocen jako málo\nrizikový pro včely a má v EU registraci do 28. února 2033. Pollinators are potentially exposed to a number of pesticides in the environment. The\nmost important group of hazardous substances comes from the category of plant protection\nproducts (PPPs), which are applied not only by farmers but also by small gardeners. Each PPP\nincluding the active substance and formulation undergoes a very detailed and thorough evaluation,\nwhich is in the European Union (EU) based on Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European\nParliament and of the Council. Although the negative effects of PPPs on the environment and nontarget organisms are minimized with proper use, we cannot rule out possible hidden effects,\nespecially those of a sublethal nature. Modern analytical approaches, such as the application of\nhigh-throughput methods, help to identify hidden side effects. This methodology is focused on the\nevaluation of the effect of sublethal doses of pesticides on solitary bees employing the OMICs\napproach. In the risk assessment of pesticides, the honey bee has long been preferred as a model\nspecies of pollinator, while solitary bees stay in the background. The methodology contains\ninnovative aspects for experiments, such as a modified isolator, preparation of plants for exposure,\nthe timing of the experiment, monitoring of active substance distribution or proteomic analysis of\nsolitary bees to identify hidden effects of the test substance or its formulation. In this methodology,\nthe model of the solitary bee, red mason bee (Osmia bicornis), is considered. However, the\nmethodology is also applicable to other, especially related species of solitary bees. The\nmethodology can be used in areas of state administration, private laboratories and research\nactivities in the assessment of environmental risks of pesticides on solitary bees. The\nmethodological procedure can confirm or even eliminate environmental risks when registering new\nproducts or reevaluating existing products. This methodology therefore has the potential for use in\ntesting new substances intended for plant protection before their registration. In an exemplary\nembodiment, the effect of acetamiprid in a Careo sticks formulation was tested. The distribution of\nacetamiprid in the soil substrate and the plant was evaluated. The hazardous metabolite\nacetamiprid IM-2-1 was identified in plant tissues. However, proteomic analysis indicated a very\nlow risk of acetamiprid for O. bicornis. This result is in agreement with the fact that acetamiprid\nhas been assessed by EFSA to be a low risk for bees and is registered in the EU until 28 February\n2033. Keywords: osmia; omics; acetamiprid Fulltext is available at external website.
Metodika pro hodnocení vlivu subletálních dávek pesticidů na samotářské včely s využitím OMICS přístupu

Opylovači jsou v prostředí potenciálně vystaveni působení řadě pesticidů. Nejdůležitější\nskupina rizikových látek pochází z kategorie prostředků na ochranu rostlin (POR), které aplikují\nnejen ...

Erban, T.; Shcherbachenko, E.; Šlachta, Martin; Cudlín, Pavel; Chalupníková, J.; Halešová, T.; Tomešová, D.; Václavíková, M.; Votavová, A.
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2021

Modelling the onset of phenological phases of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Dížková, Petra; Bartošová, Lenka; Hájková, L.; Balek, Jan; Bláhová, Monika; Bohuslav, Jakub; Pohanková, Eva; Trnka, Miroslav; Žalud, Zdeněk
2021 - English
The onset of phenological phases of plant species is influenced mainly by air temperature. Each phenophase has its temperature limits (base temperature and temperature sum), which must be reached for each phase to occur. With knowledge of these limits, it is possible to predict the onset of phenological phases in localities where only meteorological data are available and also in future climate conditions. In this work, we used phenological ground-based data from 33 stations within the Czech Republic to calculate the most relevant meteorological predictors. PhenoClim software was used for phenological and meteorological data calibration and modelling. The smallest error that allows us to predict the term of the phenophases was found for the heading of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), as the best predictor was the maximum daily temperature and the statistical error was 3.6 days. Keywords: phenology; temperature; phenoclim; climate parameters Fulltext is available at external website.
Modelling the onset of phenological phases of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The onset of phenological phases of plant species is influenced mainly by air temperature. Each phenophase has its temperature limits (base temperature and temperature sum), which must be reached for ...

Dížková, Petra; Bartošová, Lenka; Hájková, L.; Balek, Jan; Bláhová, Monika; Bohuslav, Jakub; Pohanková, Eva; Trnka, Miroslav; Žalud, Zdeněk
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2021

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