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MONETARY POLICY AND NATURAL DISASTERS: ANALYSIS FOR LATIN AMERICA
BRAGA, Catarina De Ester; BRUN, Jean-Francois; COMBES MOTEL, Pascale
2019 - English
Latin America is a tropical region prone to natural disasters; between 1970 and 2018, 2.242 natural disasters took place in the region, resulting in more than USD 320 billion in damages, 295 million affected persons and 509 thousand deaths. Building resilience and preparedness are key elements for the area's development, specifically in a context where climate change effects on natural disasters is unknown. With the aim to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goal Target 17.13 (Global Macroeconomic Stability) and the Sendai Framework Priority 2 (Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk), this thesis aims to assess whether monetary policy in the region is effective in absorbing spillover effects of disasters on economic growth. By running a panel analysis on 27 countries in the timeframe of 1970-2018 with random effects, the results reflect that the inflation target and flexible exchange rate are not contributing to alleviate pressure the external shock puts on growth. An exception carries with countries with a low rate of Central Bank governors' irregular turnover. This indicates that the inflation targets and floating exchange rate frameworks are unable to absorb the shocks due to inefficient management, rather than incompatibility with Latin America. Latin America is a tropical region prone to natural disasters; between 1970 and 2018, 2.242 natural disasters took place in the region, resulting in more than USD 320 billion in damages, 295 million affected persons and 509 thousand deaths. Building resilience and preparedness are key elements for the area's development, specifically in a context where climate change effects on natural disasters is unknown. With the aim to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goal Target 17.13 (Global Macroeconomic Stability) and the Sendai Framework Priority 2 (Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk), this thesis aims to assess whether monetary policy in the region is effective in absorbing spillover effects of disasters on economic growth. By running a panel analysis on 27 countries in the timeframe of 1970-2018 with random effects, the results reflect that the inflation target and flexible exchange rate are not contributing to alleviate pressure the external shock puts on growth. An exception carries with countries with a low rate of Central Bank governors' irregular turnover. This indicates that the inflation targets and floating exchange rate frameworks are unable to absorb the shocks due to inefficient management, rather than incompatibility with Latin America.
Keywords:
Monetary Policy; Natural Disasters; Central Banks; Latin America; Monetary Policy; Natural Disasters; Central Banks; Latin America
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
MONETARY POLICY AND NATURAL DISASTERS: ANALYSIS FOR LATIN AMERICA
Latin America is a tropical region prone to natural disasters; between 1970 and 2018, 2.242 natural disasters took place in the region, resulting in more than USD 320 billion in damages, 295 million ...
DEBT SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF BHUTAN
DEM, Gaki; SASSI, Maria; VAGGI, Gianni
2019 - English
This study empirically investigated the debt sustainability of Bhutan by adopting Geometry of Debt Sustainability. The study is carried out by separating the total external debt into hydropower-related debt and non-hydropower debt. The results revealed that the hydropower debt which accounts for 77% of total external debt is found unsustainable while, the non-hydropower debt appears sustainable based on this analysis. The high level of current account deficit (21% of GDP) accompanied by the non-concessional interest rate on hydropower loans are the main factors contributing to the nonsustainability of hydropower debt. The study further estimated the governments' reaction towards an increasing level of government debt through estimation of fiscal reaction function for the period 1985-2017. Unit root and cointegration techniques, and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) are used to determine the behaviour of the government. The findings showed that the government is taking corrective measures to the increasing debt to ensure fiscal sustainability. This study empirically investigated the debt sustainability of Bhutan by adopting Geometry of Debt Sustainability. The study is carried out by separating the total external debt into hydropower-related debt and non-hydropower debt. The results revealed that the hydropower debt which accounts for 77% of total external debt is found unsustainable while, the non-hydropower debt appears sustainable based on this analysis. The high level of current account deficit (21% of GDP) accompanied by the non-concessional interest rate on hydropower loans are the main factors contributing to the nonsustainability of hydropower debt. The study further estimated the governments' reaction towards an increasing level of government debt through estimation of fiscal reaction function for the period 1985-2017. Unit root and cointegration techniques, and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) are used to determine the behaviour of the government. The findings showed that the government is taking corrective measures to the increasing debt to ensure fiscal sustainability.
Keywords:
Debt-Sustainability; VECM; Geometry of Debt Sustainability; Debt-Sustainability; VECM; Geometry of Debt Sustainability
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
DEBT SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF BHUTAN
This study empirically investigated the debt sustainability of Bhutan by adopting Geometry of Debt Sustainability. The study is carried out by separating the total external debt into ...
The Alsatian Dialect and Identity in Early Adulthood A Sociolinguistic Survey
ESSER, Judith; LAFONTAINE, Fanny
2019 - English
The Alsatian dialect is diminishing from generation to generation. Whether this leads to loss of language, loss of identity, and feeling of belonging of young adults are the main focuses of this thesis. This research deals with the link between language and identity, and the application of this concept to the Alsatian dialect and region in France. Because of its historical, geopolitical, and linguistic developments, Alsace is a compelling case to analyse the link between language and identity. The author conducted a sociolinguistic survey targeting 18 to 25 years old adults, living in Alsace, questioning them about their knowledge of Alsatian and specifically chosen Alsatian words and expressions, along with their feeling of belonging to the region and identity. The results of the questionnaire, which received 450 replies, will be examined, and a connection to the linguistic situation in Alsace, will be drawn. A profound literature review including the essential works of Edwards, on the relationship between language and identity, Ladin, Weckmann, Trouillet, and Hoffet on the history, identity and linguistic developments in Alsace, will help to understand the past and current situation and will serve as a basis for this thesis. Furthermore, a survey conducted by the Office pour la langue et la culture d'Alsace will be compared with the survey conducted for this thesis. The author chose to examine three self-formulated hypotheses to explain the current linguistic skill of young adults in Alsace, as well as to which extent the respondents identify with Alsatian identity. This research will present the following findings: First, the Alsatian dialect declines from generation to generation. Second, although Alsatian is spoken less within the young generation, some words and expressions are anchored in everyday language use. Third, the identification with the Alsatian identity does not decrease with the decline of the dialect. The Alsatian dialect is diminishing from generation to generation. Whether this leads to loss of language, loss of identity, and feeling of belonging of young adults are the main focuses of this thesis. This research deals with the link between language and identity, and the application of this concept to the Alsatian dialect and region in France. Because of its historical, geopolitical, and linguistic developments, Alsace is a compelling case to analyse the link between language and identity. The author conducted a sociolinguistic survey targeting 18 to 25 years old adults, living in Alsace, questioning them about their knowledge of Alsatian and specifically chosen Alsatian words and expressions, along with their feeling of belonging to the region and identity. The results of the questionnaire, which received 450 replies, will be examined, and a connection to the linguistic situation in Alsace, will be drawn. A profound literature review including the essential works of Edwards, on the relationship between language and identity, Ladin, Weckmann, Trouillet, and Hoffet on the history, identity and linguistic developments in Alsace, will help to understand the past and current situation and will serve as a basis for this thesis. Furthermore, a survey conducted by the Office pour la langue et la culture d'Alsace will be compared with the survey conducted for this thesis. The author chose to examine three self-formulated hypotheses to explain the current linguistic skill of young adults in Alsace, as well as to which extent the respondents identify with Alsatian identity. This research will present the following findings: First, the Alsatian dialect declines from generation to generation. Second, although Alsatian is spoken less within the young generation, some words and expressions are anchored in everyday language use. Third, the identification with the Alsatian identity does not decrease with the decline of the dialect.
Keywords:
Dialect; Identity; Alsatian; Sociolinguistic Survey; Early Adulthood; Dialect; Identity; Alsatian; Sociolinguistic Survey; Early Adulthood
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
The Alsatian Dialect and Identity in Early Adulthood A Sociolinguistic Survey
The Alsatian dialect is diminishing from generation to generation. Whether this leads to loss of language, loss of identity, and feeling of belonging of young adults are the main focuses of this ...
Critical Analysis of Humanitarian Development Nexus Indicators
ARRIAZA ALDANA, Pedro Enrique; VAGGI, Gianni; SASSI, Maria
2019 - English
Humanitarian assistance provision over the last fifteen years has increased dramatically in the developing world, both in volume and duration. This trend has given rise to the global need for linking humanitarian assistance projects with development programs, while keeping focus on both achieving Sustainable Development Goals and reducing risk and vulnerabilities in targeted populations. While this approach has been in the Development field for decades, there have been limited efforts to obtain quantifiable and measurable data on the results of these projects. This research project aims to critically analyze different efforts by international organizations to measure results of Humanitarian Development Nexus projects through composite indicators. The framework for the critical analysis is based on handbooks on the creation of composite indicators, by international organizations, mainly the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO), among others. While presenting some limitations in consistency and robustness of methodologies, many organizations are fitting into the narrative through the composite indicators, filling an important gap in the evaluation of the nexus, covering cross-cutting sectors and working towards contextualization in the different humanitarian and development setups. Humanitarian assistance provision over the last fifteen years has increased dramatically in the developing world, both in volume and duration. This trend has given rise to the global need for linking humanitarian assistance projects with development programs, while keeping focus on both achieving Sustainable Development Goals and reducing risk and vulnerabilities in targeted populations. While this approach has been in the Development field for decades, there have been limited efforts to obtain quantifiable and measurable data on the results of these projects. This research project aims to critically analyze different efforts by international organizations to measure results of Humanitarian Development Nexus projects through composite indicators. The framework for the critical analysis is based on handbooks on the creation of composite indicators, by international organizations, mainly the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO), among others. While presenting some limitations in consistency and robustness of methodologies, many organizations are fitting into the narrative through the composite indicators, filling an important gap in the evaluation of the nexus, covering cross-cutting sectors and working towards contextualization in the different humanitarian and development setups.
Keywords:
Composite indicators; Humanitarian Development Nexus; Relevance; Consistency; Applicability; Composite indicators; Humanitarian Development Nexus; Relevance; Consistency; Applicability
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Critical Analysis of Humanitarian Development Nexus Indicators
Humanitarian assistance provision over the last fifteen years has increased dramatically in the developing world, both in volume and duration. This trend has given rise to the global need for linking ...
Social Economy in Middle East - Palestinian Case Study
NAZIR, Ayesha; VAGGI, Gianni; SASSI, Maria
2019 - English
The growing popularity of social enterprises for addressing social issues around the world has captured the imagination of development and social policy practitioners. The social enterprises play an integral role in tackling socioeconomic problems in Palestine and with mounting economic, social and political crisis the importance and need for social enterprise activity is increasing. However, the social enterprise system is still at an embryonic stage due to lack of one common understanding of definitions, frameworks and guidelines and unavailability of research instruments to further empirical study. In order to tackle these problems and to fill the literature gap, this study explores conceptualization of social economy in historical perspective, modern movement of emerging social enterprises around the world, mapping of social enterprises in Palestine and designing a standard framework and questionnaire for analyzing social enterprise models taking Palestine as a case study. Finally, the study proposes how the developed framework and research instrument can be utilized to analyze social enterprise models for expansion and strengthening of social enterprise practices in Palestine. The growing popularity of social enterprises for addressing social issues around the world has captured the imagination of development and social policy practitioners. The social enterprises play an integral role in tackling socioeconomic problems in Palestine and with mounting economic, social and political crisis the importance and need for social enterprise activity is increasing. However, the social enterprise system is still at an embryonic stage due to lack of one common understanding of definitions, frameworks and guidelines and unavailability of research instruments to further empirical study. In order to tackle these problems and to fill the literature gap, this study explores conceptualization of social economy in historical perspective, modern movement of emerging social enterprises around the world, mapping of social enterprises in Palestine and designing a standard framework and questionnaire for analyzing social enterprise models taking Palestine as a case study. Finally, the study proposes how the developed framework and research instrument can be utilized to analyze social enterprise models for expansion and strengthening of social enterprise practices in Palestine.
Keywords:
Social economy; social enterprise; business model framework; questionnaire; Palestine; Social economy; social enterprise; business model framework; questionnaire; Palestine
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Social Economy in Middle East - Palestinian Case Study
The growing popularity of social enterprises for addressing social issues around the world has captured the imagination of development and social policy practitioners. The social enterprises play an ...
Kryptická diverzita sinic
JAHODÁŘOVÁ, Eva; HAŠLER, Petr; HAŠLER, Petr
2019 - English
Sinice (Cyanobacteria) se na Zemi poprvé objevily asi před 3,5 miliardami let. Patří mezi hlavní organismy ovlivňující světové biogeochemické cykly a jsou prapředky chloroplastů dnešních vyšších rostlin. Sinice jsou schopny přežít v nejrůznějších prostředích. Díky jejich obrovské rozmanitosti zůstává velká většina taxonů systematicky nezařazena. V této práci jsem studovala morfologické i molekulární znaky tří nových rodů sinic z tropických oblastí (Pinocchia, Onodrimia a Elainella), také jsem se zaměřila na mezery v systematice sinic. Spolupracovala jsem na knižní kapitole pojednávající o diverzitě cyanobakterií. Recentní studie odhalily, že rody jako je Leptolyngbya nebo Pseudanabaena jsou výrazně polyfyletické. Oba druhově bohaté rody se značí jednoduchou morfologií, vytvářejí tenká vlákna a obývají jak vodní, tak i terestrické habitaty. Nicméně, na základě polyfyletického původu byla Leptolyngbya rozdělena do několika nových linií, jako je Oculatella nebo Nodosilinea. Pseudanabaena na svou revizi stále čeká. Podobně jsem i já popsala dva neznámé rody odvozené z rodů Leptolyngbya a Pseudanabaena. Pinocchia a Onodrimia jsou jednoduché vláknité cyanobakterie tropického původu. Fylogeneze založená na genu 16S rRNA jednoznačně odlišila monofyletické linie rodu Pinocchia a Onodrimia od Pseudanabaena a Leptolyngbya sensu stricto. Snažila jsem se najít morfologickou apomorfii, která by striktně definovala nově popsané rody. V případě rodu Pinocchia se jedná pravděpodobně o kryptický rod, avšak některé z trichomů měly výrazně prodlouženou, špičatou, někdy kuželovitou apikální buňku. Pro ověření, zda se skutečně jedná o apomorfii, jsem použila nutriční experiment. Nebyl však nalezen signifikantní rozdíl, který by odlišoval kontrolní a experimentální kulturu. Na druhou stranu, Onodrimia je charakteristická zvláštním typem reprodukce (produkuje hormogonia v takzvaných stromečkovitých formacích). Tento charakteristický znak lez považovat za apomorfii. Další nově popsaná tropická sinice Elainella je velice podobná sinici rodu Pseudophormidium. Pseudophormidium je málo prostudovaný taxon s nejasnou morfologií. Pro definici tohoto nového rodu jsem použila jak fylogenezi na základě 16S rRNA genu a morfologické informace, tak i celo-genomový přístup. Celková délka genomu byla 8 702 141 párů bází. V genomu rodu Elainella jsem identifikovala geny sloužící k fixaci vzdušného dusíku a deset potencionálně biosyntetických genových klastrů, pouze dva z nich zřejmě produkující cytotoxické metabolity. Z datované fylogeneze na základě 69 ortologních genů jsme se pokusila odhalit vznik rodu Elainella a kmene Leptolyngbya sp. JSC-1. Tento klád se pravděpodobně diversifikoval asi před 2,24- 2,47 miliardami let. Gen kódující malou podjednotku ribozomu (16S rRNA gen) je hojně užívaný marker pro fylogenezi bakterií. V databázích můžeme najít tisíce sekvencí tohoto genu. Na druhou stranu, je obecně známo, že morfologická charakteristika neodpovídá molekulární fylogenezi. Proto jsem chtěla tento zjevný paradox, neustále se zvětšujícího množství dat a nesprávného fylogenetického určení, prostudovat pomocí algoritmu PTP (Poisson Tree Process). Alignovala jsem 10 037 sekvencí genu 16S rRNA a pomocí PTP algoritmu jsem delimitovala počet druhů sinic v databázi GenBank. PTP identifikovalo pouze 2741 PTPdefinovaných druhů, avšak 51 % PTP-druhů bylo nekultivovatelných. Také jsem se zaměřila na faktory, které by mohly tuto nelehkou situaci taxonomie sinic zlepšit (např. nově popsané taxony by měly být vždy charakterizovány autapomorfií, metagenomická data by měla být vyhodnocována pečlivěji, revize by měly být prováděny pouze s robustním a správným výběrem taxonů). Cyanobacteria emerged on Earth approximately 3.5 billion years ago. They are the major contributor to global biogeochemical cycles and are ancestors of today's chloroplast of higher plants. Cyanobacteria thrive across many habitats. However, due to their enormous diversity, taxonomy remains in chaos and most taxa are uncharacterised. In this thesis, I have investigated the morphological and molecular features of three new cyanobacterial genera from tropical areas (Pinocchia, Onodrimia, and Elainella). Moreover, I aimed to identify gaps in cyanobacterial systematics and cooperated on a book chapter focused on cyanobacterial diversity. Recent investigations revealed that Leptolyngbya and Pseudanabaena are extensively polyphyletic cyanobacterial taxa. Both species-rich genera have very simple morphology, create thin filaments and occur mostly in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. However, due to polyphyly, Leptolyngbya was divided into several genera such as Oculatella and Nodosilinea. Pseudanabaena still waits for its revision. I identified two unknown genera similar to Leptolyngbya and Pseudanabaena. They were named Onodrimia and Pinocchia. Both of them are simple filamentous cyanobacteria with tropical origin. The phylogenetic study of 16S rRNA clearly distinguished Pinocchia and Onodrimia as monophyletic clades distant from Pseudanabaena and Leptolygbya sensu stricto. I endeavoured to find the unique apomorphic character which would strictly define newly described genera. Pinocchia is a cryptic genus but some trichomes possess prolongated, pointed and sometimes conical apical cell. For confirmation of this morphological apomorphy, I applied nutrient experiment. The results did not show any significant difference between standard and experimental cultures. On the other hand, Onodrimia possess a peculiar type of reproduction (it reproduces by tree-like hormogonia tufts). This character could be considered as apomorphy. Another new tropical cyanobacterium Elainella is morphologically very similar to Pseudophormidium. Pseudophormidium is poorly studied lineage, with unclear morphology. For confirmation of this new genus, I used 16S rRNA phylogeny, morphological data and also whole genome assessment. The total length of the draft genome was 8 702 141 bp. Elainella genome contains genes for atmospheric nitrogen fixation and also 10 potentially biosynthetic genes clusters, but only 2 were assigned as already known genes with the ability to produced cytotoxic metabolites. A dated phylogeny of 69 orthologous genes revealed the origin of Elainella and its sister's clade Leptolyngbya sp. JSC-1. They diverged probably 2.24-2.47 BYA. Gene for the small subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (16S rRNA) is a widely used marker for bacterial phylogeny. There are hundreds of thousands of sequences of this gene in molecular databases. But it is widely known that morphological characters do not perfectly correspond with molecular phylogeny. Therefore, I wanted to describe this evident paradox of increasing data yet poor phylogenetic resolutions by PTP (Poisson Tree Process) algorithm. I aligned 10037 sequences of 16S rRNA and I used PTP delimitation to a defined quantity of species in GenBank database. PTP identified just 2741 PTP-defined species, but 51% PTP-defined species were assigned to uncultured samples. I also proposed possible suggestions which could improve this difficult situation.
Keywords:
sinice; tropické sinice; kryptická diverzita; nový rod; fylogenetika; fylogenomika; 16S rRNA; 16S-23S ITS; konvergence; taxonomie; Pseudanabaena; Leptolyngbya; Pseudophormidium; cyanobacteria; tropical cyanobacteria; cryptic diversity; new genus; phylogenetics; phylogenomics; 16S rRNA; 16S-23S ITS; convergence; taxonomy; Pseudanabaena; Leptolyngbya; Pseudophormidium
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Kryptická diverzita sinic
Sinice (Cyanobacteria) se na Zemi poprvé objevily asi před 3,5 miliardami let. Patří mezi hlavní organismy ovlivňující světové biogeochemické cykly a jsou prapředky chloroplastů dnešních vyšších ...
The Unwilling or Unable Doctrine: Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Armed Groups
JAMALI, Ayyoub; SVAČEK, Ondřej; FAIX, Martin
2019 - English
Když se autoři Charty Spojených národů (Charta OSN) dohodli na přísných pravidlech zakazujících užití síly mezi členskými státy, poskytli také výjimku z tohoto zákazu skrze možnosti uchýlení se k užití síly ve formě sebeobrany nebo kolektivní sebeobrany ve chvíli kdy je proti státu užito ozbrojené síly. Nicméně, má se za to, že Charta OSN myslí na tradiční koncept válčení ve smyslu války mezi svrchovanými státy, podle čl. 51 Charty OSN, pouze ozbrojený útok provedený státem spouští právo na užití síly v sebeobraně. Tudíž se má za to, že rámec Charty OSN nekryje žádné specifické případy, právní úprava týkající se jednání nestátních ozbrojených skupin na poli mezinárodního práva. Toto pravidlo pro státy vytvořilo dilema, jak by měly reagovat v přídě stanou-li se objetí ozbrojeného útoku vedeného nestátním ozbrojeným subjektem, jenž zasahuje z území třetího státu. Tento problém je ještě zhoršen potencionální kolizí mezi principy Charty OSN, jimiž jsou nedotknutelnost území a právo na sebeobranu. Na jednu stranu, je-li stát terčem útoku nestátního subjektu, měl by být logicky schopen se bránit a odpovědět na útok. Vskutku existuje mnoho případů, kdy státy ospravedlňovaly přeshraniční užití síly odvoláváním se na neschopnost nebo neochotu hostujících států řešit hrozbu, kterou představují ozbrojené skupiny na jejich území. V odborné literatuře byl tento způsob ospravedlnění nazván "unwilling or unable doctrine" - doktrína neochoty nebo neschopnosti. Nicméně této doktríny se mohou dovolávat pouze v případě právního ospravedlnění přeshraničního užití síly jde-li o pravidlo mezinárodního obyčeje. Skrze analýzy různých případových studií se tato práce snaží určit, zda je dána patřičná praxe států a opinio juris ve prospěch doktríny neochoty nebo neschopnosti, které by mohly prokázat její obyčejový status. Cíl této práce je poukázat, že navzdory faktu, že státy často užívají sílu mimo své území proti nestátním ozbrojeným skupinám, jejich praxe nemusí být v souladu se standardy požadovanými doktrínou neochoty nebo neschopnosti. Práce dále poukazuje na silný nedostatek opinio juris mezi státy, když se dovolávají této doktríny k ospravedlnění jejich přeshraničních operací proti nestátním ozbrojeným skupinám. Tedy ani konstitutivní prvky praxe států ani opinion juris nedocházíme k závěru, jestli doktrína neochoty nebo neschopnosti je pravidlem mezinárodního obyčeje. When the drafters of the United Nations Charter (UN Charter) agreed on the strict rule for the prohibition of use of force between members states, they provided an exception for that prohibition by allowing states to resort to force in forms of individual or collective self-defence provided that an armed attack happens against them. However, since it is argued that the UN Charter was written with the traditional concept of warfare in mind, namely war between sovereign states, under Art. 51 of the UN Charter only an armed attack by a state triggers the right to use force in self-defence. That is to say, the scope of the UN Charter did not cover the regulation regarding the conducts of non-state armed groups within the international plane, and thus this has created a dilemma for the states as how to respond when they become targeted by the armed activities of a non-state armed group operating from the territory of the third state. This issue has been further exacerbated by the potential conflict between two principles of the UN Charter including territorial integrity and self-defence when the victim state seeks to act in self-defence and target the group in question. Indeed, there are many cases in which states used force extraterritorially by referring to the inability or unwillingness of the host state in dealing with the threat posed by the non-state armed groups within its territory. In the academic literature, this type of justification has been referred to as the "unwilling or unable doctrine". However, this doctrine can only be invoked as a legal justification when it is understood that it is already a rule of customary international law. By analyzing various case studies, this thesis seeks to determine whether there are sufficient state practice and opinio juris in the favour of the unwilling or unable doctrine that could prove its customary status. The result of this paper shows that despite the fact that states have frequently used force extraterritorially against non-state armed group, their practices seems to be not consistent with the standard required by the unwilling or unable doctrine. It further indicates that the states chosen for this study do not genuinely believe that the unwilling or unable doctrine is meant to have legal obligation upon them. Thus, neither the constituent element of state practice nor opinion juris has been met to conclude that the unwilling or unable doctrine is a rule of customary international law.
Keywords:
Doktrína unwilling or unable; použití síly; extrateritoriální použití síly; přeshraniční použití síly; mezinárodní obyčejové právo; teritoriální integrita; sebeobrana; čl. 2(4) Charty OSN; čl. 51 Charty OSN; teritoriální stát; hostitelský stát; postižený stát; ozbrojené nestátní skupiny.; unwilling or unable doctrine; use of force; extraterritorial use of force; cross-border use of force; customary international law; territorial integrity; self-defence; Art. 2 (4) of the UN Charter; Art. 51 of the UN Charter; territorial state; host state; victim state; non-state armed group.
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
The Unwilling or Unable Doctrine: Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Armed Groups
Když se autoři Charty Spojených národů (Charta OSN) dohodli na přísných pravidlech zakazujících užití síly mezi členskými státy, poskytli také výjimku z tohoto zákazu skrze možnosti uchýlení se k ...
"Pravda vítězí" The Czech Victimisation Narrative and the Creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
CHARGROS, Maeva Carla; PERUTKA, Lukáš
2019 - English
Every nation has its myth; every myth has its own discourse and narratives. The Czech nation was first built on the martyrdom of historical figures such as Jan Hus, and then on a duality of heroism and victimisation once it moved towards Czechoslovak nationalism. Indeed, including various nationalities with very different historical experiences required a less exclusive version of the Czech national identity. This evolution of the national discourse occurred shortly before the outbreak of the First World War, which saw many of the "small nations" of Central Europe gain independence. The narrative of victimhood was the most influential part of this newly imagined identity; it even infiltrated Czech historiography up until today. One of the recent traces of this narrative can be found in the works of one of the most prominent Czech historians, Miroslav Hroch. While the narrative has been identified and its historical accuracy has been challenged and discussed multiple times already, I examined its diffusion patterns and its role, thus sketching its map. Thanks to this discourse-historical research drawing on Ruth Wodak's methodology for national discourses, the narrative's crucial role at the core of the Czech national myth is highlighted. The victimisation narrative enabled Czech Nationalism to be inclusive, to be efficiently branded when addressed to a foreign audience, and eventually, to gain considerable influence during one of the most important events of the twentieth century in Europe. This inclusive character of the narrative is the main finding of the present research, alongside the extent of its diffusion. The narrative travelled from Prague to Paris, London, Geneva; it crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the shores of the New World through the Czech-American community; and it inspired Czech Jews to seize this unprecedented momentum and cross the traditionally impenetrable religious borders of Austria-Hungary. Using both published and unpublished sources, including private correspondence of T. G. Masaryk, Edvard Beneš, Ernest Denis and other key figures of the Czech nation-building process, this analysis demonstrates through qualitative methods that the victimisation narrative was not just a small detail in Czech nationalism - it was its main driving force. Every nation has its myth; every myth has its own discourse and narratives. The Czech nation was first built on the martyrdom of historical figures such as Jan Hus, and then on a duality of heroism and victimisation once it moved towards Czechoslovak nationalism. Indeed, including various nationalities with very different historical experiences required a less exclusive version of the Czech national identity. This evolution of the national discourse occurred shortly before the outbreak of the First World War, which saw many of the "small nations" of Central Europe gain independence. The narrative of victimhood was the most influential part of this newly imagined identity; it even infiltrated Czech historiography up until today. One of the recent traces of this narrative can be found in the works of one of the most prominent Czech historians, Miroslav Hroch. While the narrative has been identified and its historical accuracy has been challenged and discussed multiple times already, I examined its diffusion patterns and its role, thus sketching its map. Thanks to this discourse-historical research drawing on Ruth Wodak's methodology for national discourses, the narrative's crucial role at the core of the Czech national myth is highlighted. The victimisation narrative enabled Czech Nationalism to be inclusive, to be efficiently branded when addressed to a foreign audience, and eventually, to gain considerable influence during one of the most important events of the twentieth century in Europe. This inclusive character of the narrative is the main finding of the present research, alongside the extent of its diffusion. The narrative travelled from Prague to Paris, London, Geneva; it crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the shores of the New World through the Czech-American community; and it inspired Czech Jews to seize this unprecedented momentum and cross the traditionally impenetrable religious borders of Austria-Hungary. Using both published and unpublished sources, including private correspondence of T. G. Masaryk, Edvard Beneš, Ernest Denis and other key figures of the Czech nation-building process, this analysis demonstrates through qualitative methods that the victimisation narrative was not just a small detail in Czech nationalism - it was its main driving force.
Keywords:
First World War (1914-1918); Czech Nationalism; Czechoslovakia; T. G. Masaryk; Edvard Beneš; Ernest Denis; Czech-Americans; First World War (1914-1918); Czech Nationalism; Czechoslovakia; T. G. Masaryk; Edvard Beneš; Ernest Denis; Czech-Americans
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
"Pravda vítězí" The Czech Victimisation Narrative and the Creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
Every nation has its myth; every myth has its own discourse and narratives. The Czech nation was first built on the martyrdom of historical figures such as Jan Hus, and then on a duality of heroism ...
The linguistic approximation of fuzzy models outputs
TALÁŠEK, Tomáš; TALAŠOVÁ, Jana
2019 - English
Jazyková aproximace je proces, kterým se přiřazují jazykové termy matematickým objektům, přičemž tyto objekty jsou často výstupy fuzzy modelů. Na jazykovou aproximaci klademe požadavek, aby jazykové termy dostatečně "reprezentovaly význam" aproximovaných objektů nebo aby alespoň reprezentovaly ty charakteristiky těchto objektů, které jsou pro daný účel klíčové. Výběrem vhodné metody pro jazykovou aproximaci se však odborná literatura téměř nezabývá. V průběhu let bylo představeno několik přístupů k jazykové aproximaci, avšak doposud nebylo provedeno žádné důkladné srovnaní těchto přístupů. Tato disertační práce si klade za cíl napravit tento nedostatek pomocí analytického frameworku, který umožní navrhovatelům (a zároveň i uživatelům) modelů s pomocí vizualizace znázornit možné výsledky jazykové aproximace při použití rozdílných vzdáleností/podobností fuzzy množin, porovnat jejich chování a identifikovat případné nedostatky/problémy zvolených vzdáleností/podoboností. K výběru vhodné vzdálenosti/podobnosti fuzzy množin (pro potřeby jazykové aproximace) tedy v této práci přistupujeme jiným způsobem - pomocí identifikace potenciálních problémů postupně vylučujeme ty vzdálenosti/podobnosti, které se v daném případě nechovají dle potřeby. Hlavní přínos práce spočívá v návrhu frameworku, který umožňuje analyzovat to, jak volba vzdálenosti/podobnosti fuzzy čísel ovlivňuje výsledek jazykové aproximace. Framework je navržen tak, aby byl snadno použitelný, nekladl na vysoké nároky na znalosti uživatele, umožňoval přímé srovnání vlivu vzdálenosti/podobnosti na výsledek jazykové aproximace a výsledky byly snadno vizualizovatelné. Přestože se práce zaměřuje převážně na trojúhleníková a lichoběžníková fuzzy čísla (symetrická i nesymetrická), je zde představena i modifikace frameworku, která umožňuje analýzu a vizualizaci výsledků jazykové aproximace fuzzy výstupů, které lze obdržet pomocí Mamdaniho fuzzy inference. Na této modifikaci mimo jiné ukazujeme, jak snadno lze framework upravit pro analýzu dalších typů výstupů. Dále je v práci představena nová metoda pro jazykovou aproximaci, která je postavena na myšlence fuzzy 2-tuples. Tato metoda jazykové aproximace se od jiných metod liší tím, že požaduje jen omezený počet jazykových termů (tj. uživatel modelu nemusí rozumět velkému počtu jazykových termů), ale díky 2-tuples může být i tak výstupem jazykové aproximace nekonečně mnoho jazykových termů, přičemž každý takovýto term se skládá z jednoho ze zvolených jazykových termů a také z informace o jeho "posunu". Tím je zajištěna snadnost porozumění výsledku jazykové aproximace. Disertační práce dále obsahuje 11 publikací, na kterých se Tomáš Talášek významně spolupodílel. Tyto publikace shrnují dosažené matematické výsledky autora a umožňují detailnější náhled na zkoumání toho, jak volba vzdálenosti/podobnosti fuzzy množin ovlivňuje výsledek jazykové aproximace. Linguistic approximation is a process of assigning linguistic labels to various mathematical objects, frequently ones that are obtained as outputs of fuzzy models. Such an assignment cannot be arbitrary - the usual requirement on linguistic approximation is for the linguistic label to ''represent the meaning'' of the approximated object sufficiently, or at least to reflect its characteristics that are the most important for the given purpose. How to define such a sufficiency, or in other words how to recognize an appropriate method of linguistic approximation, however, remains an unresolved issue. Over the years several various approaches for linguistic approximation was introduced but almost no proper comparison of these approaches was made. This thesis strives to resolve this issue by suggesting a universal analytical framework that helps the designers (and also users) of the models to visualize the performance of linguistic approximation under different distance/similarity measure of fuzzy numbers and to use this visualization to compare their performance and identify the potential drawbacks of using selected distance/similarity measures. It therefore approaches the issue of sufficiency of the linguistic approximation from behind - mainly pointing out the problems and thus ruling out some of the not-well-functioning distance/similarity measures. The contribution of the thesis lies in the proposal of a framework for the analysis of performance of different distance/similarity measures of fuzzy numbers such that its use is straightforward, it requires only limited knowledge from his potential user, it allows for a direct comparison of the performance of different distance/similarity measures in the given context and it provides results by means of graphical representation. Although most of the thesis focuses on the frequently used shapes of fuzzy numbers (triangular, trapezoidal; both symmetrical and asymmetrical), we also propose a modification of the framework which allows for the analysis and visualization of results for Mamdani-type fuzzy sets (outputs of Mamdani fuzzy inference). On this modification we also show the simplicity of the generalization of the framework for different conditions and contexts (represented by different approximated objects etc.). Another contribution is the proposal of a novel linguistic approximation method based on the idea of fuzzy 2-tuples in the thesis. This method differs from other methods in a way that it requires only small number of linguistic terms (i.e. the decision-makers's vocabulary for the description of the results can remain reasonably limited, hence the requirements on understanding the meaning of the linguistic values can be kept to a reasonable minimum), but thanks to the 2-tuple concept it can results in an infinite number of linguistic labels composed of one of the known linguistic terms and a description of its "shift" which facilitates easy understandability of the results of the linguistic approximation. Eleven publications on which the author participated are appended to the thesis. These publications summarize the mathematical results and provide closer insights into the issue of the investigation of the performance of linguistic approximation under different distance/similarity measures.
Keywords:
jazyková aproximace; fuzzy číslo; vzdálenost; podobnost; jazyková škála; numerické šetření; 2-tuples; linguistic approximation; fuzzy number; distance; similarity; linguistic scale; numerical investigation; 2-tuples
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
The linguistic approximation of fuzzy models outputs
Jazyková aproximace je proces, kterým se přiřazují jazykové termy matematickým objektům, přičemž tyto objekty jsou často výstupy fuzzy modelů. Na jazykovou aproximaci klademe požadavek, aby jazykové ...
English grammar on the Internet
HULÍKOVÁ, Lenka; KOŘÍNKOVÁ, Jana
2019 - English
Tato závěrečná práce se zabývá anglickou gramatikou na Internetu. Konkrétním zaměřením práce je výuka minulého a předpřítomného času a jejím cílem je poskytnout různé způsoby výuky tohoto gramatického jevu s využitím Internetu jako hlavního zdroje informací, pracovních listů, cvičení a her. Závěrečná práce je rozdělena do dvou částí. Teoretická část popisuje nezbytnou roli gramatiky v procesu učení, rozlišuje induktivní a deduktivní přístup ve výuce, vysvětluje rozdíl mezi gramatikou psanou a mluvenou a zabývá se její výukou na základních školách. Dále jsou zde uvedeny rady pro efektivní plánování hodiny a faktory, které je vhodné dodržovat při vysvětlování gramatiky. Práce také uvádí obtíže, které mohou nastat při výuce a procvičování minulého a předpřítomného času. Poslední kapitola této části uvádí možnosti využití Internetu v hodinách anglického jazyka. Praktická část obsahuje příklady tří plánů hodin, které jsou zaměřeny na minulý a předpřítomný čas. Zahrnut je také krátký dotazník, který byl využit pro získání zpětné vazby od žáků. This final project deals with English grammar on the Internet. The thesis is focused on learning and teaching grammar, especially on tenses - past simple and present perfect, with the aid of the Internet as the main source of information, worksheets, exercises and games. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part describes the essential role of grammar in the learning process. It explains the difference between the written and spoken grammar, as well as between deductive and inductive approach. Basic principles for effective lesson planning are included. The thesis also provides factors which should be followed by a teacher when explaining new grammar. Finally, specific difficulties presented by teaching tenses and the potential of the Internet in teaching English grammar are described. The practical part of the thesis brings examples of three lesson plans. In the end, a short questionnaire, which was used as a feedback from pupils, is included.
Keywords:
důležitá role gramatiky; gramatika psaná a mluvená; deduktivní přístup; induktivní přístup; princip účinnosti; princip přiměřenosti; minulý čas; předpřítomný čas; Internet; interaktivní online cvičení; procvičování; webové stránky; sociální sítě;; the importance of grammar; spoken and written grammar; deductive approach; inductive approach; efficiency principle; appropriacy principle; past simple; present perfect simple; the Internet; interactive online exercises; practice; websites; social software;
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
English grammar on the Internet
Tato závěrečná práce se zabývá anglickou gramatikou na Internetu. Konkrétním zaměřením práce je výuka minulého a předpřítomného času a jejím cílem je poskytnout různé způsoby výuky tohoto gramatického ...
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