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Climate Change and Internal Migration Patterns: A Case Study of Rural Pakistan
FATIMAH, Shifa; BERTOLI, Simone
2019 - English
In a changing natural environment, rural households adapt to increased risk in several ways. Sending one or more household members to a far off usually urban location is an adaptation strategy used in numerous developing countries across the world. The study analyses the extent of rural migration occurring due to climate change in Pakistan and examines how the migration patterns differ across genders. The study creates a unique longitudinal panel using the out-migration module of a nationally representative survey i.e. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18 and Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and finds that there is a significant and positive association between changing weather and migration out of rural areas. Moreover, this relationship is significant for both drought and floods where the probability to migrate across a longer time is higher for middle drought, heavy flood, and very heavy flood. The relationship between migration due to climate change and gender is also significant and the probability of females to migrate out of rural areas due to climatic shocks is high. In a changing natural environment, rural households adapt to increased risk in several ways. Sending one or more household members to a far off usually urban location is an adaptation strategy used in numerous developing countries across the world. The study analyses the extent of rural migration occurring due to climate change in Pakistan and examines how the migration patterns differ across genders. The study creates a unique longitudinal panel using the out-migration module of a nationally representative survey i.e. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18 and Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and finds that there is a significant and positive association between changing weather and migration out of rural areas. Moreover, this relationship is significant for both drought and floods where the probability to migrate across a longer time is higher for middle drought, heavy flood, and very heavy flood. The relationship between migration due to climate change and gender is also significant and the probability of females to migrate out of rural areas due to climatic shocks is high.
Keywords:
Rural; Migration; Pakistan; SPEI; Adaptation; Climate Change; Gender; Rural; Migration; Pakistan; SPEI; Adaptation; Climate Change; Gender
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Climate Change and Internal Migration Patterns: A Case Study of Rural Pakistan
In a changing natural environment, rural households adapt to increased risk in several ways. Sending one or more household members to a far off usually urban location is an adaptation strategy used in ...
Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Impact of Energy Consumption, Institution, and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions in ASEAN
HIDAYATI, Annisa Caesara; COMBES, Jean-Louis; COMBES MOTEL, Pascale
2019 - English
This study analyses the effect of economic growth to ASEAN countries on the environment and more specifically test the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve. The fixed-effects and panel cointegration models followed by FMOLS and DOLS have been utilized in determining factors that influence carbon dioxide emissions in ASEAN countries (Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Lao, and Vietnam). The results support the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Moreover, energy consumption has significant effect to carbon dioxide while quality of institutions and foreign direct investment are insignificant. From the findings it is hoped that it can give useful information to the influence of the variables to the pollution of carbon dioxide in ASEAN. This study analyses the effect of economic growth to ASEAN countries on the environment and more specifically test the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve. The fixed-effects and panel cointegration models followed by FMOLS and DOLS have been utilized in determining factors that influence carbon dioxide emissions in ASEAN countries (Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Lao, and Vietnam). The results support the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Moreover, energy consumption has significant effect to carbon dioxide while quality of institutions and foreign direct investment are insignificant. From the findings it is hoped that it can give useful information to the influence of the variables to the pollution of carbon dioxide in ASEAN.
Keywords:
ASEAN; economic growth; environmental degradation; GDP; CO2; energy consumption; FDI; panel data analysis; ASEAN; economic growth; environmental degradation; GDP; CO2; energy consumption; FDI; panel data analysis
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Impact of Energy Consumption, Institution, and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions in ASEAN
This study analyses the effect of economic growth to ASEAN countries on the environment and more specifically test the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve. The fixed-effects and panel ...
Explaining Rural-Urban Differentials in Child Nutritional Outcome in Nepal: An Application of Quantile Regression - Counterfactual Decomposition
TRITAL, Gopal; VAGGI, Gianni; SASSI, Maria
2019 - English
Rural-urban difference in child nutritional outcome is evident in most of the low-income countries, including Nepal. Minimization of rural-urban gap in child nutrition is imperative to ensuring equitable investment in early childhood development, especially in a predominantly rural country like Nepal. This study explains differentials in child nutritional outcome as measured by under-five stunting, thus, capturing prolong differences in the population-level deprivation in rural and urban areas. The primary objective of this study is to explain whether existing rural-urban differences in under-five child stunting is best explained by differences in the level of nutrition-sensitive endowments (covariate effect) or their returns (coefficient effect). This study utilizes recently developed Unconditional Quantile Regression (UQR) based methods to analyze the association between determinants of child stunting and child's heightfor-age at rural, urban, and country levels. Subsequently, UQR based decomposition of ruralurban differences in under-five child stunting is conducted in the entire distribution of child's height-for-age with further comparative analysis in the sub-sample of children belonging to age groups 0-23 and 24-59 months. Findings of this study indicate the dominance of covariate effects and minimal share of coefficient effects in explaining the rural-urban differences in under-five child stunting in Nepal. Household wealth, mother's education and health services environment comprising postnatal and antenatal care are found to explain most of the rural-urban nutritional gap in Nepal. Low levels of coefficient effects imply that interventions need not have fundamentally different approaches in rural and urban areas, and future policy efforts should instead prioritize equalization of nutrition-sensitive endowments. Rural-urban difference in child nutritional outcome is evident in most of the low-income countries, including Nepal. Minimization of rural-urban gap in child nutrition is imperative to ensuring equitable investment in early childhood development, especially in a predominantly rural country like Nepal. This study explains differentials in child nutritional outcome as measured by under-five stunting, thus, capturing prolong differences in the population-level deprivation in rural and urban areas. The primary objective of this study is to explain whether existing rural-urban differences in under-five child stunting is best explained by differences in the level of nutrition-sensitive endowments (covariate effect) or their returns (coefficient effect). This study utilizes recently developed Unconditional Quantile Regression (UQR) based methods to analyze the association between determinants of child stunting and child's heightfor-age at rural, urban, and country levels. Subsequently, UQR based decomposition of ruralurban differences in under-five child stunting is conducted in the entire distribution of child's height-for-age with further comparative analysis in the sub-sample of children belonging to age groups 0-23 and 24-59 months. Findings of this study indicate the dominance of covariate effects and minimal share of coefficient effects in explaining the rural-urban differences in under-five child stunting in Nepal. Household wealth, mother's education and health services environment comprising postnatal and antenatal care are found to explain most of the rural-urban nutritional gap in Nepal. Low levels of coefficient effects imply that interventions need not have fundamentally different approaches in rural and urban areas, and future policy efforts should instead prioritize equalization of nutrition-sensitive endowments.
Keywords:
Stunting; Rural-Urban; Unconditional Quantile Regression; Decomposition; Stunting; Rural-Urban; Unconditional Quantile Regression; Decomposition
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Explaining Rural-Urban Differentials in Child Nutritional Outcome in Nepal: An Application of Quantile Regression - Counterfactual Decomposition
Rural-urban difference in child nutritional outcome is evident in most of the low-income countries, including Nepal. Minimization of rural-urban gap in child nutrition is imperative to ensuring ...
A comparative study of external debt sustainability in highly indebted CIS member states
KURGANBAEV, Farhod; SASSI, Maria; VAGGI, Gianni
2019 - English
The thesis investigates external debt sustainability in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova on the basis of variables associated with the foreign economic activity of these countries. After discussing the current problems and vulnerabilities of countries related to the current account deficit and debt structure, sustainability zones are estimated in based on GDS. Based on that, as of 2017, all 4 countries met sustainability criteria. However, the results of the ADF test demonstrated the opposite, having established that all countries except Moldova did not achieve debt sustainability. The outcomes of accounting method did not show sufficient evidences of sustainability of current account balances in 4 countries. The thesis investigates external debt sustainability in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova on the basis of variables associated with the foreign economic activity of these countries. After discussing the current problems and vulnerabilities of countries related to the current account deficit and debt structure, sustainability zones are estimated in based on GDS. Based on that, as of 2017, all 4 countries met sustainability criteria. However, the results of the ADF test demonstrated the opposite, having established that all countries except Moldova did not achieve debt sustainability. The outcomes of accounting method did not show sufficient evidences of sustainability of current account balances in 4 countries.
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
A comparative study of external debt sustainability in highly indebted CIS member states
The thesis investigates external debt sustainability in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova on the basis of variables associated with the foreign economic activity of these countries. ...
Effectiveness of migration and remittances in improving the well-being of migrant-sending households: evidence from Tajikistan
TOKHIROV, Azizbek; BRŮHA, Jan; HARMÁČEK, Jaromír
2019 - English
Given the considerable amount of private cross-border transfers, their potential role in improving the well-being of households is significant. Nevertheless, a conclusive answer on the contribution of remittances to development of migrant-sending communities cannot be derived from the literature. The variety of seemingly contradictory theoretical predictions suggests that a consensus is unlikely to be achieved in the foreseeable future. At the same time, only few empirical studies have investigated the impact of remittances on households in Central Asia, the region which lies on the cross-roads of active migratory movements. This study is aimed to determine the extent to which the receipt of international remittances influences household subjective well-being by applying the latest data from nationally-representative surveys conducted all over Tajikistan. After controlling for potential endogeneity in the treatment effects model based on the process of mental accounting, the findings countenance the notion that remittances can exert positive effects on the household well-being when measured by satisfaction with life as-a-whole. However, the impact of remittances is not unequivocally positive with respect to evaluative measures of financial welfare. The duality in the way remittances affect material and non-material well-being patterns is caused by the heterogeneity of treatment effects across different economic contexts. Given the considerable amount of private cross-border transfers, their potential role in improving the well-being of households is significant. Nevertheless, a conclusive answer on the contribution of remittances to development of migrant-sending communities cannot be derived from the literature. The variety of seemingly contradictory theoretical predictions suggests that a consensus is unlikely to be achieved in the foreseeable future. At the same time, only few empirical studies have investigated the impact of remittances on households in Central Asia, the region which lies on the cross-roads of active migratory movements. This study is aimed to determine the extent to which the receipt of international remittances influences household subjective well-being by applying the latest data from nationally-representative surveys conducted all over Tajikistan. After controlling for potential endogeneity in the treatment effects model based on the process of mental accounting, the findings countenance the notion that remittances can exert positive effects on the household well-being when measured by satisfaction with life as-a-whole. However, the impact of remittances is not unequivocally positive with respect to evaluative measures of financial welfare. The duality in the way remittances affect material and non-material well-being patterns is caused by the heterogeneity of treatment effects across different economic contexts.
Keywords:
consumption; investment; migration; remittances; subjective well-being; consumption; investment; migration; remittances; subjective well-being
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Effectiveness of migration and remittances in improving the well-being of migrant-sending households: evidence from Tajikistan
Given the considerable amount of private cross-border transfers, their potential role in improving the well-being of households is significant. Nevertheless, a conclusive answer on the contribution of ...
Gender and climate adaptation in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) - operationalizing a gender responsive approach on The Global Climate Change Alliance Plus Initiative (GCCA+)
MARTINS PEREIRA, Ana Rita; BRUN, Jean-Francois; COMBES MOTEL, Pascale
2019 - English
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of countries in the Caribbean, Pacific and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS) regions, extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and positioned as key stakeholders in climate adaptation financing. Since 2007, the European Commission has been providing support to SIDS through the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) flagship that operates through policy dialogue and effective cooperation in technical and financial terms. This research aims to highlight the interlinkages between gender and climate change in the context of SIDS and to analyse the status of women and existing obstacles for women's empowerment in these countries. This is done reflecting a feminist political ecology perspective that considers the relevance of issues of gendered power relations and social inequalities in climate change processes. The subsequent analysis of gender-responsiveness the GCCA flagship offers practical examples and recommendations on how this scheme can adopt a stronger gender responsive approach to climate adaptation funding in SIDS through gender mainstreaming and it contributes to show how the European Union has the possibility to position itself as a global player committed to address gender equality. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of countries in the Caribbean, Pacific and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS) regions, extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and positioned as key stakeholders in climate adaptation financing. Since 2007, the European Commission has been providing support to SIDS through the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) flagship that operates through policy dialogue and effective cooperation in technical and financial terms. This research aims to highlight the interlinkages between gender and climate change in the context of SIDS and to analyse the status of women and existing obstacles for women's empowerment in these countries. This is done reflecting a feminist political ecology perspective that considers the relevance of issues of gendered power relations and social inequalities in climate change processes. The subsequent analysis of gender-responsiveness the GCCA flagship offers practical examples and recommendations on how this scheme can adopt a stronger gender responsive approach to climate adaptation funding in SIDS through gender mainstreaming and it contributes to show how the European Union has the possibility to position itself as a global player committed to address gender equality.
Keywords:
SIDS; gender; adaptation; climate change; feminist political ecology
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Gender and climate adaptation in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) - operationalizing a gender responsive approach on The Global Climate Change Alliance Plus Initiative (GCCA+)
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of countries in the Caribbean, Pacific and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS) regions, extremely vulnerable to the ...
Taxation and Economic Growth: Empirical evidence from Balkan countries
HETEMI, Fjolla; COMBES MOTEL, Pascale; BRUN, Jean-Francois
2019 - English
The transition process in the Balkans carried a significant amount of changes in the political, economic and institutional context. Fiscal reforms were one of the main changes which have been implemented during a short period of time, especially in the Western Balkan region. The aim of this paper is to develop a better understanding of how direct and indirect taxes affect economic growth in selected Balkan countries for the years 2000-2016. In order to investigate the relationship between taxes and growth, I apply panel data estimation techniques by using secondary data obtained from a few sources. The results of this project suggest that individual income taxes do not have a significant effect on growth, while corporate income tax shows a positive and significant effect only when adding new control variables or addressing a potential endogeneity issue in the model. Additionally, taxes on property show a strong negative impact on growth. Most importantly, taxes on international trade are positively correlated with economic growth which indicates the fact that most of the governments in the Balkans are still dependent on revenues that are coming from trade-related taxes. Overall, these countries should reconsider the potential challenges that can come with trade liberalization and should try to focus more on managing taxes more efficiently, in order to positively affect economic growth in the future. The transition process in the Balkans carried a significant amount of changes in the political, economic and institutional context. Fiscal reforms were one of the main changes which have been implemented during a short period of time, especially in the Western Balkan region. The aim of this paper is to develop a better understanding of how direct and indirect taxes affect economic growth in selected Balkan countries for the years 2000-2016. In order to investigate the relationship between taxes and growth, I apply panel data estimation techniques by using secondary data obtained from a few sources. The results of this project suggest that individual income taxes do not have a significant effect on growth, while corporate income tax shows a positive and significant effect only when adding new control variables or addressing a potential endogeneity issue in the model. Additionally, taxes on property show a strong negative impact on growth. Most importantly, taxes on international trade are positively correlated with economic growth which indicates the fact that most of the governments in the Balkans are still dependent on revenues that are coming from trade-related taxes. Overall, these countries should reconsider the potential challenges that can come with trade liberalization and should try to focus more on managing taxes more efficiently, in order to positively affect economic growth in the future.
Keywords:
Economic growth; Taxes; Panel data; Balkan countries; Economic growth; Taxes; Panel data; Balkan countries
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
Taxation and Economic Growth: Empirical evidence from Balkan countries
The transition process in the Balkans carried a significant amount of changes in the political, economic and institutional context. Fiscal reforms were one of the main changes which have been ...
MONETARY POLICY AND NATURAL DISASTERS: ANALYSIS FOR LATIN AMERICA
BRAGA, Catarina De Ester; BRUN, Jean-Francois; COMBES MOTEL, Pascale
2019 - English
Latin America is a tropical region prone to natural disasters; between 1970 and 2018, 2.242 natural disasters took place in the region, resulting in more than USD 320 billion in damages, 295 million affected persons and 509 thousand deaths. Building resilience and preparedness are key elements for the area's development, specifically in a context where climate change effects on natural disasters is unknown. With the aim to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goal Target 17.13 (Global Macroeconomic Stability) and the Sendai Framework Priority 2 (Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk), this thesis aims to assess whether monetary policy in the region is effective in absorbing spillover effects of disasters on economic growth. By running a panel analysis on 27 countries in the timeframe of 1970-2018 with random effects, the results reflect that the inflation target and flexible exchange rate are not contributing to alleviate pressure the external shock puts on growth. An exception carries with countries with a low rate of Central Bank governors' irregular turnover. This indicates that the inflation targets and floating exchange rate frameworks are unable to absorb the shocks due to inefficient management, rather than incompatibility with Latin America. Latin America is a tropical region prone to natural disasters; between 1970 and 2018, 2.242 natural disasters took place in the region, resulting in more than USD 320 billion in damages, 295 million affected persons and 509 thousand deaths. Building resilience and preparedness are key elements for the area's development, specifically in a context where climate change effects on natural disasters is unknown. With the aim to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goal Target 17.13 (Global Macroeconomic Stability) and the Sendai Framework Priority 2 (Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk), this thesis aims to assess whether monetary policy in the region is effective in absorbing spillover effects of disasters on economic growth. By running a panel analysis on 27 countries in the timeframe of 1970-2018 with random effects, the results reflect that the inflation target and flexible exchange rate are not contributing to alleviate pressure the external shock puts on growth. An exception carries with countries with a low rate of Central Bank governors' irregular turnover. This indicates that the inflation targets and floating exchange rate frameworks are unable to absorb the shocks due to inefficient management, rather than incompatibility with Latin America.
Keywords:
Monetary Policy; Natural Disasters; Central Banks; Latin America; Monetary Policy; Natural Disasters; Central Banks; Latin America
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
MONETARY POLICY AND NATURAL DISASTERS: ANALYSIS FOR LATIN AMERICA
Latin America is a tropical region prone to natural disasters; between 1970 and 2018, 2.242 natural disasters took place in the region, resulting in more than USD 320 billion in damages, 295 million ...
DEBT SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF BHUTAN
DEM, Gaki; SASSI, Maria; VAGGI, Gianni
2019 - English
This study empirically investigated the debt sustainability of Bhutan by adopting Geometry of Debt Sustainability. The study is carried out by separating the total external debt into hydropower-related debt and non-hydropower debt. The results revealed that the hydropower debt which accounts for 77% of total external debt is found unsustainable while, the non-hydropower debt appears sustainable based on this analysis. The high level of current account deficit (21% of GDP) accompanied by the non-concessional interest rate on hydropower loans are the main factors contributing to the nonsustainability of hydropower debt. The study further estimated the governments' reaction towards an increasing level of government debt through estimation of fiscal reaction function for the period 1985-2017. Unit root and cointegration techniques, and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) are used to determine the behaviour of the government. The findings showed that the government is taking corrective measures to the increasing debt to ensure fiscal sustainability. This study empirically investigated the debt sustainability of Bhutan by adopting Geometry of Debt Sustainability. The study is carried out by separating the total external debt into hydropower-related debt and non-hydropower debt. The results revealed that the hydropower debt which accounts for 77% of total external debt is found unsustainable while, the non-hydropower debt appears sustainable based on this analysis. The high level of current account deficit (21% of GDP) accompanied by the non-concessional interest rate on hydropower loans are the main factors contributing to the nonsustainability of hydropower debt. The study further estimated the governments' reaction towards an increasing level of government debt through estimation of fiscal reaction function for the period 1985-2017. Unit root and cointegration techniques, and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) are used to determine the behaviour of the government. The findings showed that the government is taking corrective measures to the increasing debt to ensure fiscal sustainability.
Keywords:
Debt-Sustainability; VECM; Geometry of Debt Sustainability; Debt-Sustainability; VECM; Geometry of Debt Sustainability
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
DEBT SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF BHUTAN
This study empirically investigated the debt sustainability of Bhutan by adopting Geometry of Debt Sustainability. The study is carried out by separating the total external debt into ...
The Alsatian Dialect and Identity in Early Adulthood A Sociolinguistic Survey
ESSER, Judith; LAFONTAINE, Fanny
2019 - English
The Alsatian dialect is diminishing from generation to generation. Whether this leads to loss of language, loss of identity, and feeling of belonging of young adults are the main focuses of this thesis. This research deals with the link between language and identity, and the application of this concept to the Alsatian dialect and region in France. Because of its historical, geopolitical, and linguistic developments, Alsace is a compelling case to analyse the link between language and identity. The author conducted a sociolinguistic survey targeting 18 to 25 years old adults, living in Alsace, questioning them about their knowledge of Alsatian and specifically chosen Alsatian words and expressions, along with their feeling of belonging to the region and identity. The results of the questionnaire, which received 450 replies, will be examined, and a connection to the linguistic situation in Alsace, will be drawn. A profound literature review including the essential works of Edwards, on the relationship between language and identity, Ladin, Weckmann, Trouillet, and Hoffet on the history, identity and linguistic developments in Alsace, will help to understand the past and current situation and will serve as a basis for this thesis. Furthermore, a survey conducted by the Office pour la langue et la culture d'Alsace will be compared with the survey conducted for this thesis. The author chose to examine three self-formulated hypotheses to explain the current linguistic skill of young adults in Alsace, as well as to which extent the respondents identify with Alsatian identity. This research will present the following findings: First, the Alsatian dialect declines from generation to generation. Second, although Alsatian is spoken less within the young generation, some words and expressions are anchored in everyday language use. Third, the identification with the Alsatian identity does not decrease with the decline of the dialect. The Alsatian dialect is diminishing from generation to generation. Whether this leads to loss of language, loss of identity, and feeling of belonging of young adults are the main focuses of this thesis. This research deals with the link between language and identity, and the application of this concept to the Alsatian dialect and region in France. Because of its historical, geopolitical, and linguistic developments, Alsace is a compelling case to analyse the link between language and identity. The author conducted a sociolinguistic survey targeting 18 to 25 years old adults, living in Alsace, questioning them about their knowledge of Alsatian and specifically chosen Alsatian words and expressions, along with their feeling of belonging to the region and identity. The results of the questionnaire, which received 450 replies, will be examined, and a connection to the linguistic situation in Alsace, will be drawn. A profound literature review including the essential works of Edwards, on the relationship between language and identity, Ladin, Weckmann, Trouillet, and Hoffet on the history, identity and linguistic developments in Alsace, will help to understand the past and current situation and will serve as a basis for this thesis. Furthermore, a survey conducted by the Office pour la langue et la culture d'Alsace will be compared with the survey conducted for this thesis. The author chose to examine three self-formulated hypotheses to explain the current linguistic skill of young adults in Alsace, as well as to which extent the respondents identify with Alsatian identity. This research will present the following findings: First, the Alsatian dialect declines from generation to generation. Second, although Alsatian is spoken less within the young generation, some words and expressions are anchored in everyday language use. Third, the identification with the Alsatian identity does not decrease with the decline of the dialect.
Keywords:
Dialect; Identity; Alsatian; Sociolinguistic Survey; Early Adulthood; Dialect; Identity; Alsatian; Sociolinguistic Survey; Early Adulthood
Available in digital repository of UPOL.
The Alsatian Dialect and Identity in Early Adulthood A Sociolinguistic Survey
The Alsatian dialect is diminishing from generation to generation. Whether this leads to loss of language, loss of identity, and feeling of belonging of young adults are the main focuses of this ...
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