Gothic painted decorations in the Gallery of the castle in Lidzbark Warminski
Hradil, David; Hradilová, J.; Švarcová, Silvie; Bezdička, Petr; Čermáková, Zdeňka; Bartlová, M.
2012 - English
Materials research was aimed at finding specific characteristics, which could indicate the provenance of mural paintings uncovered in Bishops castle in Lidzbark Warmiński, northeast Poland. An expected relation of these murals to Bohemian artistic workshops, which were active in the 14th century at the Emperor Charles IV’s court in Prague, was supported by further exact data. The lead-tin yellow – type II was identified by X-ray microdiffraction; up to the present day, this uncommon modification of the pigment was proved solely in the Bohemian painting of the 14th century (e.g. Master of Třeboň altarpiece) and in the Italian painting of the 14th to 16th century. Nickel is an element accompanying natural iron-based pigments and was found both in the painting and the drawing, respectively. It is possible to demonstrate that this admixture indicates the source locality of the pigment in Lower Silesia, which belonged to the Kingdom of Bohemia in the 14th century and was exploited for chrysoprases – green gemstones frequently appearing in Bohemian jewellery and wall decorations (St. Wenceslas chapel in the Prague’s cathedral, Karlštejn Castle). Lidzbark murals exhibit features similar to the panel painting, e.g. the use of tempera, natural chalk in the preparatory layer, lead pigments and madder lakes in the painting. The madder was extracted from the wool fibres, which are still clearly visible in the samples.
Keywords:
Lidzbark Warmiński; Gothic mural paintings; ni-bearing laterite; chrysoprase; lead-tin yellow
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Gothic painted decorations in the Gallery of the castle in Lidzbark Warminski
Materials research was aimed at finding specific characteristics, which could indicate the provenance of mural paintings uncovered in Bishops castle in Lidzbark Warmiński, northeast Poland. An ...
Newly Found romanesque madonna of Sedes sapientiae type coming from a czech private collection with elements of west european fine arts tradition
Hradilová, J.; Hradil, David; Fogaš, I.; Zmydlená, M.
2012 - English
On the basis of material research, the oldest preserved polychrome carving of Madonna of Sedes sapientiae type was dated using radiocarbon method 14C to the interval of 990 – 1180. During the non-destructive research, we could observe its inner structure on the CT scans and a careful sampling enabled us to determine the technological features typical for this outstanding polychromy. These features comprise, above all, the oldest siliceous ground of specific composition, which had a practical relevance. The coloured, or only coarse-grained lower ground layer, served as a check for the depth of polish of the upper white ground – the treatment, which should result in the same thickness of the ground on all places of the uneven surface. The origin of Madonna of Sedes sapientiae type can be assigned to workshops drawing on Western-European traditions.
Keywords:
madonna Sedes sapientiae; 12th century; siliceous ground; radiocarbon dating 14c
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Newly Found romanesque madonna of Sedes sapientiae type coming from a czech private collection with elements of west european fine arts tradition
On the basis of material research, the oldest preserved polychrome carving of Madonna of Sedes sapientiae type was dated using radiocarbon method 14C to the interval of 990 – 1180. During the ...
Limitations of spectroscopic methods in the study of earthy pigments
Košařová, V.; Hradil, David; Kanický, V.
2012 - English
Nowadays, the spectroscopic methods, above all Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), are the most frequently used analytical methods in the research of cultural heritage, which is mainly caused by easy use and non-invasiveness of these methods and a broad range of their application, which comprises both organic and inorganic substances. Nevertheless, each analytical technique has its detection limits, and the fact that a particular method is suitable for one type of a sample does not automatically mean that it will be appropriate for the identification of another sample. Therefore, the aim of the study is to demonstrate the limitations of both Raman Spectroscopy (RS) and infrared spectroscopy in the study of earthy materials.
Keywords:
Raman spectroscopy; infrared spectroscopy; earthy pigment; clay minerals
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Limitations of spectroscopic methods in the study of earthy pigments
Nowadays, the spectroscopic methods, above all Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), are the most frequently used analytical methods in the research of cultural heritage, which is mainly caused by easy use and ...
Nově objevená románská madona typu Sedes sapientiae z české soukromé sbírky s prvky západoevropské výtvarné tradice
Hradilová, J.; Hradil, David; Fogaš, I.; Zmydlená, M.
2012 - Czech
Na základě materiálového průzkumu byla nejstarší dochovaná polychromovaná plastika Madona typu Sedes sapientiae datována radiokarbonovou metodou 14C do rozmezí let 990–1180. V rámci nedestruktivního zkoumání jsme z CT snímků mohli sledovat její vnitřní strukturu a ze šetrného odběru vzorků zjistit technologické znaky typické pro tuto výjimečnou polychromii. K těmto znakům patří především nejstarší křemičitý podklad specifického složení, který měl svůj praktický význam. Dobarvený nebo i jen hrubozrnný spodní podklad sloužil pravděpodobně ke kontrole hloubky leštění svrchního bílého podkladu, tedy při úpravě, jejímž cílem byla stejná tloušťka podkladu ve všech místech nerovného povrchu. Původ Madony typu Sedes sapientiae je možno řadit k dílnám vycházejícím ze západoevropských výtvarných a technologických tradic. On the basis of material research, the oldest preserved polychrome carving of Madonna of Sedes sapientiae type was dated using radiocarbon method 14C to the interval of 990 – 1180. During the non-destructive research, we could observe its inner structure on the CT scans and a careful sampling enabled us to determine the technological features typical for this outstanding polychromy. These features comprise, above all, the oldest siliceous ground of specific composition, which had a practical relevance. The coloured, or only coarse-grained lower ground layer, served as a check for the depth of polish of the upper white ground – the treatment, which should result in the same thickness of the ground on all places of the uneven surface. The origin of Madonna of Sedes sapientiae type can be assigned to workshops drawing on Western-European traditions.
Keywords:
madonna Sedes sapientiae; 12th century; siliceous ground; radiocarbon dating 14c
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Nově objevená románská madona typu Sedes sapientiae z české soukromé sbírky s prvky západoevropské výtvarné tradice
Na základě materiálového průzkumu byla nejstarší dochovaná polychromovaná plastika Madona typu Sedes sapientiae datována radiokarbonovou metodou 14C do rozmezí let 990–1180. V rámci nedestruktivního ...
Preparation of nanoforms of layered piezoelectric of systems BI2O3-TA(2)O(5)-AO (A=CA,SR,BA)
Štarman, S.; Matz, V.; Kváča, Z.; Mohyla, M.; Olšák, V.; Plocek, Jiří; Vaněk, Přemysl; Tylš, B.
2011 - English
Based on the known Aurivillius phases types ABi2Ta2O9 and A2BiTaO6 ( A=Ca, Sr, Ba) were supplemented with new compositions of layered tantalates, which resulted the possibility of the existence of a new phase Sr2BiTaO6. Ternary compounds with piezoelectric structure were prepared as nanoforms by solgel reactions of homogeneous acetate Bi, Ta, A and subsequent annealing in a controlled atmosphere. Annealing temperature was determined from DSC curves based on the weight loss and phase transitions. Composition and structure of nanocrystals has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning nanomorphology (SEM) and acoustic measurements.
Keywords:
tantalates; piezoelectricity; solgel; acoustic; measurement
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Preparation of nanoforms of layered piezoelectric of systems BI2O3-TA(2)O(5)-AO (A=CA,SR,BA)
Based on the known Aurivillius phases types ABi2Ta2O9 and A2BiTaO6 ( A=Ca, Sr, Ba) were supplemented with new compositions of layered tantalates, which resulted the possibility of the existence of a ...
Amperometric Solid-State NO2 Sensor with Ionic Liquid-Polymer Electrolyte
Nádherná, M.; Opekar, F.; Reiter, Jakub
2011 - English
A new ionic liquid-polymer electrolyte was successfully tested in the planar amperometric solid-state sensor sensitive towards nitrogen dioxide. The electrolyte consists of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIPF6) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEMA) in the ratio 57:43 mol. %. The analyte, gaseous nitrogen dioxide in air, was determined using the electrochemical reduction at900 mV vs. Pt/air on gold minigrid indicating electrode with Pt/air as a reference electrode. Dependency of sensor sensitivity on the indicating electrode area and relative humidity was determined. The sensor response is linear in the NO2 concentration range 0.3 1.1 ppm and is reproducible and long-term stable.
Keywords:
Sensor; Ionic Liquid; Nitrogen Dioxide; Gold Minigrid
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Amperometric Solid-State NO2 Sensor with Ionic Liquid-Polymer Electrolyte
A new ionic liquid-polymer electrolyte was successfully tested in the planar amperometric solid-state sensor sensitive towards nitrogen dioxide. The electrolyte consists of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ...
Nová kritéria pro klasifikaci a rozlišení jílových a železitých pigmentů různého původu
Hradil, David; Hradilová, J.; Bezdička, Petr
2010 - Czech
Pigmenty se železem, ačkoliv tvoří velmi početnou skupinu, nebyly nikdy považovány za příliž vhodné k datování barevných vrstev a určování provenience díky jejich hojnému výskytu v přírodě, snadné dostupnosti a používání všech historických prehistorických dobách. Pigments containing iron, although they form a very large group, have never been considered very suitable for datation of color layers and identification of the origin of the painting, due to their abundant occurrence in nature, good availability and widespread use in all historical and pre-historical periods of time. In this paper we have verified that mineralogical composition of clay minerals in earthy pigments is a suitable tool for more detailed specification of material provenance and, in the case of ground layers, also the provenance of the artwork as such. It was obviously convenient to preferably use raw materials from a close and thus also cheaper source. For the purposes of statistical comparison we evaluated elemental composition of earthy grounds on 70 paintings from the 16(th)-18(th) centuries from Czech collections. We performed detailed mineralogical analyses for a selected representative number of grounds on 35 samples in total. We discerned 6 types of material in total 2 types of boles, 3 types of other earths, and one type representing iron-rich red from oxidized zones of hydrothermal ore deposits. We were able to distinguish between earthy pigments of Central European origin (coming from Czech and Bavarian locations) and those coming from North-Italian sources. Thus we were able to assign anonymous paintings to an appropriate place of origin.
Keywords:
earth pigments; earths; bole grounds; mineralogical analysis; clay minerals; X-ray microdiffraction
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Nová kritéria pro klasifikaci a rozlišení jílových a železitých pigmentů různého původu
Pigmenty se železem, ačkoliv tvoří velmi početnou skupinu, nebyly nikdy považovány za příliž vhodné k datování barevných vrstev a určování provenience díky jejich hojnému výskytu v přírodě, snadné ...
Energy sensitive X-ray radiography for the non-destructive inspection of historical paintings
Žemlička, J.; Jakůbek, J.; Hradil, David; Hradilová, J.; Kroupa, M.; Mislerová, H.
2010 - English
The technical composition of painted artworks is usually very complex and they belong to the most sophisticated cultural heritage artefacts. In the field of their inspection there is a rising demand for the non-destructive imaging and analytical methods which are able to reveal the inner composition of investigated objects. Several non-invasive methods based on the interaction of ionizing radiation with the matter have been successfully utilized during the last decades. These methods can be divided into two main groups. The better known are transmission methods (e.g. classical X-ray radiography) the less-used are emission methods (e.g. X-ray fluorescence imaging). The quality of the obtained image is highly dependent on the imaging characteristics of the used detector. The presently used ones (CCD cameras and CMOS sensors) create the image from analogue signal by the charge integration. This image is usually degraded by the presence of noise. This complication is exceeded by novel pixel detectors of Medipix family based on single particle digital counting. Furthermore these devices offer very high contrast (in principle unlimited) in the obtained image. The image can be acquired with spatial resolution better than one micrometer. Another advantage of these detectors is their ability to directly measure the energy of incident particles. This feature can be used for energy sensitive X-ray radiography (i.e. multi-channel images) and X-ray fluorescence mapping of the surface elemental composition. For the purposes of this work the laboratory ALMA in Prague prepared several multilayer samples of paints using different pigments. The results of mentioned methods applied on the test samples are summarized in this article. The first goal of these measurements is to build a comprehensive methodology for the application of these procedures in the laboratory.
Keywords:
Pixel detector; X-ray transmission radiography; X-ray fluorescence imaging; Painted arts pigment analysis
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Energy sensitive X-ray radiography for the non-destructive inspection of historical paintings
The technical composition of painted artworks is usually very complex and they belong to the most sophisticated cultural heritage artefacts. In the field of their inspection there is a rising demand ...
The imitation of brocade fabrice in late mediavel altarpieces from Transilvania
Serendan, C.; Hradilová, J.; Hradil, David
2010 - English
The representation of rich brocade fabrics was one of the main and most striking features of European medieval paintings. What we see today is the impressive result of the artist's skills and the commissioner's preferences. To achieve this effect, medieval artists developed a large variety of materials and techniques. This paper presents the results of an integrated approach to the investigation of the techniques used by the painting workshops in Transylvania for the imitation of brocade fabrics. The investigation is carried out on a group of 12 largely unstudied Late Gothic Early Renaissance altarpieces built between 1450 1540 in German and Hungarian communities, these being some of the oldest panel paintings preserved in Romania. Over the period 2005-2010 these paintings were, for the first time subjected to an extensive technical investigation by complementary analytical methods. The in situ investigation combines visual examination and extensive non invasive point measurements by portable X-ray fluorescence. Due to their present location in various churches in Transylvania, a minimal sampling only was allowed for further elemental analysis carried out in laboratories. The laboratory investigations included light microscopy (in both visible and UV light), histochemical tests on cross-sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDX spectrochemical microanalysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The study reveals the use of at least five different types of brocade imitation, including the sophisticated technique of applied relief brocades (Pressbrokat). Most of these five types are using a combination of techniques of decorative treatment of the ground layer with paint layers, coloured glazes and application of metal leafs.
Keywords:
Altarpieces; brocade imitation; panel painting; metal leafs; gilding
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
The imitation of brocade fabrice in late mediavel altarpieces from Transilvania
The representation of rich brocade fabrics was one of the main and most striking features of European medieval paintings. What we see today is the impressive result of the artist's skills and the ...
Určení provenience jílových pigmentů
Švarcová, Silvie; Bezdička, Petr; Hradil, David; Žižak, I.
2010 - Czech
Přínos rentgenových difrakčních technik pro materiálovou analýzu malířských děl lze spatřovat v několika směrech. Application of X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD) in material analysis of artworks is beneficial in several aspects. Primarily it provides indisputable identification of crystal components found in colour layers, further it makes quantification of identified phases possible and last but not least it can also bring insight in material crystal structure. The crystal structure of materials is often affected by conditions which have been formed under, e.g. geological genesis, manufacturing procedure or secondary changes for example resulted from corrosive action of environment. The knowledge of the relation between the crystal structure of the material and its formation can be useful not only for art historic evaluation of the artwork but also for the artwork restoration and/or conservation. Within the example of clay mineral kaolinite, we show that its crystal order evaluation (based on XRD) can serve well to find its natural origin. We found kaolinite, the main component of kaolin (white earth), in a preparation layer of a Gothic wall painting in St. Maria-Magdalena Church in Bor near Karlovy Vary, where important kaolin deposits are situated. Comparing eight reference kaolins, we demonstrated that these can be differentiated just according to the kaolinite crystallinity (crystal structure ordering). Within this study we compared laboratory powder X-ray micro-diffraction (micro-XRD) with synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD). We found that both techniques led to the same results.
Keywords:
index; paintings
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Určení provenience jílových pigmentů
Přínos rentgenových difrakčních technik pro materiálovou analýzu malířských děl lze spatřovat v několika směrech....
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