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Environmental regulations, air pollution, and infant mortality in India: a reexamination
Kyrychenko, Olexiy
2021 - anglický
This paper reexamines empirical evidence on the effectiveness of environmental regulations in India from a recent study by Greenstone and Hanna (GH, 2014). GH report that air pollution control policies in India were effective in improving air quality but had a modest and statistically insignificant effect on infant mortality. These somewhat counterintuitive findings are likely to stem from the limited availability of ground-based air pollution data used in GH and the absence of critical meteorological confounders. I leverage recent advances in satellite technology and GH’s methodology to test the sensitivity of their findings to revised air pollution outcomes, an extended number of observations, and meteorological controls. Despite striking differences between the two datasets, reexamination using satellite-based data confirms the conclusions drawn from GH’s data. The effects of the policies are, however, substantially weaker. The paper urges further research on the effectiveness of environmental regulations in developing countries and the use of satellite imagery in the examination of this important question.
Klíčová slova:
air pollution; infant mortality; environmental regulation
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Environmental regulations, air pollution, and infant mortality in India: a reexamination
This paper reexamines empirical evidence on the effectiveness of environmental regulations in India from a recent study by Greenstone and Hanna (GH, 2014). GH report that air pollution control ...
Air pollution and migration: exploiting a natural experiment from the Czech Republic
Mikula, Š.; Pytliková, Mariola
2021 - anglický
This paper examines the causal effects of air pollution on migration by exploiting a natural experiment in which desulfurization technologies were rapidly implemented in coal-burning power plants in the Czech Republic in the 1990s. These technologies substantially decreased air pollution levels without per se affecting economic activity. The results based on a difference-in-differences estimator imply that improvements in air quality reduced emigration from previously heavily polluted municipalities by 24%. We find that the effect of air pollution on emigration tended to be larger in municipalities with weaker social capital and fewer man-made amenities. Thus, our results imply that strengthening social capital and investing in better facilities and public services could partially mitigate depopulation responses to air pollution. Finally, we look at heterogeneous migratory responses to air pollution by education and age and find some evidence that the more educated tend to be more sensitive to air pollution in their settlement behavior.
Klíčová slova:
air pollution; migration; natural experiment
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Air pollution and migration: exploiting a natural experiment from the Czech Republic
This paper examines the causal effects of air pollution on migration by exploiting a natural experiment in which desulfurization technologies were rapidly implemented in coal-burning power plants in ...
Sick pay and absence from work: evidence from flu exposure
Grossmann, Jakub
2021 - anglický
The system of sick-pay is critical for balancing the economic and health costs of infectious diseases. Surprisingly, most research on sick-pay reforms does not rely on variation in worker exposure to diseases when investigating absences from work. This paper studies the effects on absences from work of changes in health-insurance coverage of the first three days of sickness. We explore geographic variation in the prevalence of infectious diseases, primarily the seasonal flu, to provide variation in the need for sickness insurance. Estimates based on the Czech Structure of Earnings Survey imply that when sickness insurance is not available, total hours of work missed are not affected, but employees rely on paid and unpaid leave instead of sick-leave to stay home. The substitution effects are heterogenous across occupations and socio-demographic characteristics of employees, and suggest that workers do not spread infectious diseases at the workplace as a result of the absence of sickness insurance coverage in the first three days of sickness.
Klíčová slova:
sickness insurance; exposure to sickness; policy reform
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Sick pay and absence from work: evidence from flu exposure
The system of sick-pay is critical for balancing the economic and health costs of infectious diseases. Surprisingly, most research on sick-pay reforms does not rely on variation in worker exposure to ...
Shrinkage for Gaussian and t copulas in ultra-high dimensions
Anatolyev, Stanislav; Pyrlik, Vladimir
2021 - anglický
Copulas are a convenient framework to synthesize joint distributions, particularly in higher dimensions. Currently, copula-based high dimensional settings are used for as many as a few hundred variables and require large data samples for estimation to be precise. In this paper, we employ shrinkage techniques for large covariance matrices in the problem of estimation of Gaussian and t copulas whose dimensionality goes well beyond that typical in the literature. Specifically, we use the covariance matrix shrinkage of Ledoit and Wolf to estimate large matrix parameters of Gaussian and t copulas for up to thousands of variables, using up to 20 times lower sample sizes. The simulation study shows that the shrinkage estimation significantly outperforms traditional estimators, both in low and especially high dimensions. We also apply this approach to the problem of allocation of large portfolios.
Klíčová slova:
Gaussian copula; t copula; high dimensionality
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Shrinkage for Gaussian and t copulas in ultra-high dimensions
Copulas are a convenient framework to synthesize joint distributions, particularly in higher dimensions. Currently, copula-based high dimensional settings are used for as many as a few hundred ...
Archaeological studies of the Late Iron Age in Central Europe. Proceedings of the 15th International conference of the series „The La Tène Period in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia“ („Doba laténská v Čechách, na Moravě a na Slovensku“) in Klement-Oberleis
Karwowski, M.; Komoróczy, Balázs; Ramsl, P. C.
2021 - anglický
The publication is based on materials from the conference “La Tène period in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia” held on 11-13 June 2014 in Klement-Oberleis, Austria. For the most part, the studies published here are revised texts of the lectures given at the conference and bring a comprehensive overview of actual archaeological and numismatic research within the topic of the Celtic development in the Central European Region. For many diverse scientific questions, readers will find relevant studies in the present proceedings, which contains a total of 18 studies by authors from Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
Klíčová slova:
Celts; proceedings; protohistory; Middle Danube Region; archaeology; numismatics
Plné texty jsou dostupné na jednotlivých ústavech Akademie věd ČR.
Archaeological studies of the Late Iron Age in Central Europe. Proceedings of the 15th International conference of the series „The La Tène Period in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia“ („Doba laténská v Čechách, na Moravě a na Slovensku“) in Klement-Oberleis
The publication is based on materials from the conference “La Tène period in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia” held on 11-13 June 2014 in Klement-Oberleis, Austria. For the most part, the studies ...
Destruction and Scientific Knowledge. On Significance of the German Armament Industry and Military Administration for R&D in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the ‘Total War’ (Totalkrieg), 1943–1945
Šimůnek, Michal V.
2021 - anglický
This chapter offers an overview of the development of Czech corporate research during the German occupation, especially in the period of the total war (1943-1945). It summarizes also the current knowledge on the transfers of scientifically relevant entities into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia etc.
Klíčová slova:
national socialism; history of science; WW2
Plné texty jsou dostupné na jednotlivých ústavech Akademie věd ČR.
Destruction and Scientific Knowledge. On Significance of the German Armament Industry and Military Administration for R&D in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the ‘Total War’ (Totalkrieg), 1943–1945
This chapter offers an overview of the development of Czech corporate research during the German occupation, especially in the period of the total war (1943-1945). It summarizes also the current ...
Czech Ethnography in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. At the Crossroads of Slavic Studies, Regionalism and Heimatschutzbewegung - an Attempt at an Insight into a Seldom Researched Topic
Ducháček, Milan
2021 - anglický
The aim of this contribution is to map the dilemmas that Czech ethnographers were facing in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. With the end of the Czech-Slovak consensus on co-existence in a common, unitary state, the étatist, and later defensive ethos of Czechoslovak ethnography of the 1930s lost its foundation and argumentation basis. Similarly, too, after the Munich Agreement 1938 and quite definitively after the Nazi occupation, the notions of unity, purity and distinctive character of the ‘Slavic’ culture of ‘Czechoslovak state nation’ faced its ideological and methodological limitations. The present study emphasizes the continuity of problems that plagued the interwar Czechoslovak ethnography, including understaffing of Czechoslovak ethnography due to limitations of university policy at Czechoslovak universities in Prague, Brno and Bratislava. The article presents an analysis of institutional and academic foundation of ethnography after the closing of Czech universities on 17 November 1939. It describes both the conceptual and personnel continuity of care for regional cultural heritage in the 1930s. It also touches upon the ambivalent nature of documentary activities of the Ethnographic Commission of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts. Alongside with the orientation on general anthropology, including its racial aspects, the activities of Czech ethnographers during the occupation tended to focus on documentation of vernacular architecture. In this regard they also joined forces with architects and urban planners on projects that linked the idea of modernization of the countryside with efforts aimed at preserving its ‘traditional’ character in the spirit of the German Heimatschutzbewegung. This direction, as well as other impulses and motifs from the Protectorate era, were then further developed in the ethnographic ‘revival’ of the second half of the 1940s, which - paradoxically enough - resonated both with ‘new Slavic policy’ after 1945 and, to some extent, even with the subsequent Sovietization of the field.
Klíčová slova:
ethnography; Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Plné texty jsou dostupné na jednotlivých ústavech Akademie věd ČR.
Czech Ethnography in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. At the Crossroads of Slavic Studies, Regionalism and Heimatschutzbewegung - an Attempt at an Insight into a Seldom Researched Topic
The aim of this contribution is to map the dilemmas that Czech ethnographers were facing in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. With the end of the Czech-Slovak consensus on co-existence in a ...
Sentencing decisions around quantity thresholds: theory and experiment
Drápal, Jakub; Šoltés, Michal
2021 - anglický
We study the implications of the structure of criminal codes on sentencing decisions. To limit sentencing disparities, criminal codes typically divide offenses into subsections with specific sentencing ranges. The classification into corresponding subsections often depends on exceeding a given quantity threshold, such as drug amount. We study the consequences of these quantity thresholds on sentencing decisions and argue that the threshold effect can be decomposed into two opposing mechanisms: the severity mechanism and the reference one. An experiment with Czech prosecutors shows that thresholds drive substantial increases in sentences, leading to sentencing disparities. We further introduce empirical measures of (in)justice and quantify the consequences of quantity thresholds on the probability of imposing a just sentence.
Klíčová slova:
sentencing; quantity threshold; sentencing disparities
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Sentencing decisions around quantity thresholds: theory and experiment
We study the implications of the structure of criminal codes on sentencing decisions. To limit sentencing disparities, criminal codes typically divide offenses into subsections with specific ...
Checkmate! Losing with borders, winning with centers. The case of European integration
Kapanadze, Ketevani
2021 - anglický
This paper studies two major stages of European integration, the expansion of the European Union (EU) in 2004 and the Schengen Area in 2008, and their impacts on economic performance in subregions of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Using European regional data at the NUTS3 level and disaggregated synthetic control method, I construct counterfactuals for sub-regions of CEE countries. This approach allows me to assess regional treatment effects (RTEs) and to study the heterogeneous effects of European integration. I find that the benefits of EU and Schengen memberships to annual GDP per capita are approximately 10% less in border regions, relative to interior areas. The results expose regional economic disparities, as border regions lose relative to interior regions since European integration. Furthermore, integration facilitators in border regions such as fewer geographical barriers, more service employment, and positive attitudes toward the EU did not reduce economic disparities. The results show that the gap persists, regardless of some complementarities. Thus, the main implication of this paper is that sub-regions of CEE countries are far from being fully converged, and that European integration instead seems to have spurred sub-regional divergence.
Klíčová slova:
CEE countries; European integration; RTEs
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Checkmate! Losing with borders, winning with centers. The case of European integration
This paper studies two major stages of European integration, the expansion of the European Union (EU) in 2004 and the Schengen Area in 2008, and their impacts on economic performance in subregions of ...
Wages, minimum wages, and price pass-through: the case of McDonald's restaurants
Ashenfelter, O.; Jurajda, Štěpán
2021 - anglický
We use highly consistent national-coverage price and wage data to provide evidence on wage increases, labor-saving technology introduction, and price pass-through by a large low-wage employer facing minimum wage hikes. Based on 2016-2020 hourly wage rates of McDonald’s Basic Crew and prices of the Big Mac sandwich collected simultaneously from almost all US McDonald’s restaurants, we find that in about 25% of instances of minimum wage increases, restaurants display a tendency to keep constant their wage ‘premium’ above the increasing minimum wage. Higher minimum wages are not associated with faster adoption of touch-screen ordering, and there is near-full price pass-through of minimum wages, with little heterogeneity related to how binding minimum wage increases are for restaurants. Minimum wage hikes lead to increases in real wages (expressed in Big Macs an hour of Basic Crew work can buy) that are one fifth lower than the corresponding increases in nominal wages.
Klíčová slova:
minimum wages; wage increases; McDonald’s
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Wages, minimum wages, and price pass-through: the case of McDonald's restaurants
We use highly consistent national-coverage price and wage data to provide evidence on wage increases, labor-saving technology introduction, and price pass-through by a large low-wage employer facing ...
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