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Statistical analyses of Land Surface Temperature in Local Climate Zones: Case study of Brno and Prague (Czech Republic)
Geletič, Jan; Dobrovolný, Petr; Lehnert, M.
2017 - English
The classification of "local climate zones" (LCZs) emerged in urban climatology to standardize description of urban climate research sites. One of the goals of classification was to get beyond urban-rural dichotomy which enabled to study urban air temperature field in more detail. Based on empirical and modelling work LCZ have proven effective in examining intra-urban air temperature differences, however a robust examination of intra-urban land surface temperatures using the LCZ framework remains elusive. In this study a GIS-based method is used for LCZ delimitation in Prague and Brno (Czech Republic), while land surface temperatures (LSTs) derived from LANDSAT and ASTER satellite data are employed for exploring the extent to which LCZ classes discriminate with respect to LSTs. Results indicate that LCZs demonstrate the features typical of LST variability, and thus typical surface temperatures differ significantly among most LCZs. ANOVA and subsequent multiple comparison tests demonstrated that significant temperature differences between the various LCZs prevail in both cities (89.3% and 91.6% significant LST differences for Brno and Prague respectively). In general, LCZ 8 (large low-rise buildings), LCZ 10 (heavy industry) and LCZ D (low plants) are well-distinguishable, while LCZ 2 (compact midrise), LCZ 4 (open high-rise), and LCZ 9 (sparsely built-up) are less distinguishable in terms of their LST. In most of the scenes LCZ 10 (heavy industry), LCZ 2 (mid-rise buildings) and LCZ 3 (low-rise building) are the warmest and LCZ G (water bodies) and LCZ A (dense forest) are the coolest zones in term of their LST. Further studies are needed to account for observational errors (such as seasons differences or thermal anisotropy) on LCZ LST patterns.
Keywords:
Land Surface Temperature; Local Climate Zones; aster; landsat; Analysis of variance
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Statistical analyses of Land Surface Temperature in Local Climate Zones: Case study of Brno and Prague (Czech Republic)
The classification of "local climate zones" (LCZs) emerged in urban climatology to standardize description of urban climate research sites. One of the goals of classification was to get beyond ...
Modulation of ozone flux in a mountain spruce forest under different cloud cover
Juráň, Stanislav; Fares, S.; Urban, Otmar
2017 - English
Ozone (O3) fluxes were modelled from a concentration gradient in a Norway spruce forest at the Bílý Kříž experimental station for years 2012–2016. Daily and seasonal O3 depositions were calculated separately for days with cloudy, partly cloudy, and clear sky conditions. The hypothesis that overcast conditions modulate O3 flux in the forest ecosystem via controlled stomatal conductance is tested. Indeed, the highest stomatal conductance followed by the highest O3 deposition was found during partly cloudy and cloudy sky conditions in all seasons.
Keywords:
ozone; norway spruce; sky conditions; inverse lagrangian transport model
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Modulation of ozone flux in a mountain spruce forest under different cloud cover
Ozone (O3) fluxes were modelled from a concentration gradient in a Norway spruce forest at the Bílý Kříž experimental station for years 2012–2016. Daily and seasonal O3 depositions were calculated ...
Influence of the chlorophylls-to-carotenoids ratio on light use efficiency estimation by optical parameters
Ač, Alexander; Kováč, Daniel; Veselovská, Petra; Večeřová, Kristýna; Klem, Karel
2017 - English
The influence is examined of changing leaf photosynthetic pigments concentrations on sensitivity of the\nphotochemical reflectance index (PRI) and ΔPRI optical parameters in relation to light use efficiency\n(LUE). Photosynthetic and leaf chlorophylls-to-carotenoids (Chl/Car) ratio changes during the growth of\nEuropean Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings were induced by altering the\nliving environment inside growth chambers. Point reflectance measurements of each individual tree were\nrecording changes in optical properties while measurements were being taken simultaneously of altering\nphotosynthesis. Based on the evaluation of 45 pairs of measurements conducted on six individual saplings,\nthe observed variability in the strength of the PRI and ΔPRI versus LUE relationships was compared to the\nresulting leaf Chl/Car ratio of each tree. Data were used to explain the influence of changing pigments on\nthe sensitivity of each individual optical parameter with regards to the LUE estimation.
Keywords:
chlorophylls carotenoids; light use efficiency; optical parameters
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Influence of the chlorophylls-to-carotenoids ratio on light use efficiency estimation by optical parameters
The influence is examined of changing leaf photosynthetic pigments concentrations on sensitivity of the\nphotochemical reflectance index (PRI) and ΔPRI optical parameters in relation to light use ...
Carbon-smart forestry for building resilience to global change
Brnkalakova, S.; Kluvánková, T.; Marek, Michal V.
2017 - English
The specific role of mountain ecosystems in the carbon cycle and their importance as carbon sinks already\nhas been noted within the broader debate about climate change. There has been progress in designing\nand attempts towards implementing such mountain-specific strategies as green economies, global and regional\nconventions, frameworks, and institutions. There is still need, however, for new and integrative approaches\nto governing mountains in a sustainable and adaptive way with local and global contributions.\nThe proper institutional arrangement, adaptive forest management, and sustainable use of forest ecosystems\ncan make a substantial contribution to the well-being of local communities as well as contribute to\nmitigating global climate change by provisioning of carbon sequestration ecosystem service. This paper\nexamines how reconfiguration of social practice in forest-dependent communities can address urgent societal\nchallenges. In particular, it considers the potential of a common pool resource regime for governance\nand carbon-smart forestry in innovative management of mountain ecosystems to meet societal and natural\nchallenges.
Keywords:
mountain ecosystem; carbon cycle; carbon forestry
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Carbon-smart forestry for building resilience to global change
The specific role of mountain ecosystems in the carbon cycle and their importance as carbon sinks already\nhas been noted within the broader debate about climate change. There has been progress in ...
Urban ecosystem services in climate change mitigation
Štecová, I.; Kluvánková, T.; Pavelka, Marian
2017 - English
Climate change and global warming rapidly affect urban residents’ well-being. More than 72% of Europeans\nlive in urban environments, and their well-being is closely related to environmental quality. How cities are\nplanned and structured can exacerbate the negative effects of climate change even as natural elements and\ngreen areas are shrinking. The impact of high temperature on human health during heat waves will be one of\nthe most serious problems associated with climate change, and especially in large urban areas. Heat islands\nare mainly due to high concentration and large areas of impermeable surfaces, low moisture, few green areas,\nand poor ventilation. We present results from measuring heat islands at two locations in Bratislava and interview\nkey actors from three cities to identify risk perception regarding climate change. Expected results aim\nto mainstream ecosystem services into spatial planning in cities in support of operationalizing microclimatic\nfunction of green infrastructure to mitigate negative impact of climate change in cities.
Keywords:
global warming; ecosystem services; climate change mitigation
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Urban ecosystem services in climate change mitigation
Climate change and global warming rapidly affect urban residents’ well-being. More than 72% of Europeans\nlive in urban environments, and their well-being is closely related to environmental quality. ...
Ecosystem services in environmental policy and decision-making in the Czech Republic
Daněk, Jan
2017 - English
In response to the increasing popularity of the ecosystem services concept among scholars and policy makers\non the international level, it has become time to analyse the current state and possibilities for national\npolicy and decision-making in reflecting this concept. This article presents a sneak preview of research\nfocused on content analysis of environmental policy documents. Two current and one outdated climate\nchange policy document are analysed regarding notions of the ecosystem services concept and other aspects\nof an ecosystem-based approach. The output data show contrasting results, with the Adaptation\nStrategy scoring very high compared to the Climate Protection Policy, which almost does not reflect the\necosystem services or related ecosystem approach. Implications of the results and the entire context of the\nresearch are discussed in respective sections.
Keywords:
ecosystem services; environmental policy; decision making; Czech Republic
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Ecosystem services in environmental policy and decision-making in the Czech Republic
In response to the increasing popularity of the ecosystem services concept among scholars and policy makers\non the international level, it has become time to analyse the current state and ...
Effect of artificially induced drought on growth and productivity of selected crops within field experiment in Bohemian-Moravian highlands
Wimmerová, Markéta; Hlavinka, Petr; Trnka, Miroslav; Žalud, Zdeněk; Pohanková, Eva
2017 - English
The field experiments based on manipulating the crop environment are critical for determining the crop’s response to the climatic conditions expected in the future. An experimental site in Domanínek is located by 49°31'42 N, 16°14'13 E at an altitude of 560 m (potato production area). The field experiment using rain-out shelters for soil water availability reduction was conducted in 2015/2016. The main aim of this study was to assess the impacts of different water availability (rain-out shelters vs. control) on the performance of selected field crops (spring barley, winter wheat, winter rape and silage maize). Reduction of precipitation in treatment with rain-out shelters was confirmed by measuring soil water content. The amount of precipitation during growing period was reduced by 251 mm, 277 mm, 217 mm and 240 mm for the spring barley, winter wheat, winter rape and silage maize, respectively. As a consequence, leaf area index and yields declined, however the crop responses were not consistent.
Keywords:
ANOVA; drought stress; field trial; LAI; rain-out shelter; water shortage
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Effect of artificially induced drought on growth and productivity of selected crops within field experiment in Bohemian-Moravian highlands
The field experiments based on manipulating the crop environment are critical for determining the crop’s response to the climatic conditions expected in the future. An experimental site in Domanínek ...
Water-use efficiency of winter wheat under heat and drought stress
Hlaváčová, Marcela; Klem, Karel; Novotná, Kateřina; Rapantová, Barbora; Urban, Otmar; Hlavinka, Petr; Smutná, P.; Horáková, V.; Škarpa, P.; Trnka, Miroslav
2017 - English
Because such extreme weather events as dry spells and heat waves are expected to occur more frequently\ndue to climate change, the issue of appropriate water management for sustainable agricultural production\nis increasingly important. This study focuses on wheat, the second most widely grown cereal in the world\nand the most common cereal in European countries. The study assesses the effects of short periods (3 and\n7 days) of high temperatures (26°C as a control, 32°C, 35°C, and 38°C as daily temperature maxima from\n12:00 to 14:00) and drought stress at different developmental stages (DC 31 – beginning of stem elongation,\nDC 61 – flowering, and DC 75 – early grain filling) on water-use efficiency (WUE) in winter wheat\ncultivar Tobak. This cultivar is one of the most widespread winter wheat cultivars in Czech Republic fields.\nThe analysis of WUE showed that the cv. Tobak plants were able to withstand drought stress conditions\nthrough increased WUE. In contrast, wheat plants were stressed more markedly if exposed to higher temperatures\nand drought in combination. Generally, the wheat plants were most sensitive to drought at DC\n31.
Keywords:
winter wheat; drought stress; water-use efficiency
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Water-use efficiency of winter wheat under heat and drought stress
Because such extreme weather events as dry spells and heat waves are expected to occur more frequently\ndue to climate change, the issue of appropriate water management for sustainable agricultural ...
Exploring knowledge and attitudes towards climate change among a study sample from Khartoum State, Sudan
Alhuseen, Ahmed; Kozová, M.; Ismaeel, I.; Cudlín, Pavel
2017 - English
In spite of an adaptation plan endorsed by the city’s authorities, Khartoum State, the capital of Sudan, has repetitively\nexperienced a series of ravaging climate variability impacts. As in similar cases elsewhere, there are\nindications of financial and institutional incapacities and shortfalls to run the adaptation process, as well as\nlack of public knowledge about climate change. It has been argued that having well-informed communities in\nsome developing countries has reduced vulnerability and exposure to climate-origin disasters. Aiming to provide\nquantitative insight into the community’s knowledge and attitudes about climate change, this study presents\nthe results of a survey carried out in 2014 in a simple random sample of Khartoum State residents encompassing\n395 households. Data analysis showed that >75% of the respondents were aware of both the term “climate\nchange” and its main causes. Due to certain cultural and religious factors, however, familiarity with its\nassociated risks was less (25–75%). Moreover, knowledge regarding the ongoing government efforts, leading\ninstitutions, participating non-government organizations, and beliefs about the capability of Khartoum State\nauthorities to adapt the city to the foreseen impacts was found to be low (<25%). Of the respondents, 49% believed\nthat both human activities and God are responsible for causing climate change. Seventy-nine per cent\nof the respondents were interested in acquiring information about climate change, but only 55.3% frequently\nobtain it. Although 79% of the respondents would agree or strongly agree to pay in order to mitigate climate\nchange, 50.4% believed that nothing had been done by local government to mitigate that change. The study\nprovides unprecedented insight into knowledge and attitudes towards climate change among Khartoum State\nhouseholds. The results can be used by city authorities and government politicians to support ongoing adaptive\nprocedures and decision-making while narrowing the knowledge gap concerning climate change risks.
Keywords:
towards climate change; Sudan
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Exploring knowledge and attitudes towards climate change among a study sample from Khartoum State, Sudan
In spite of an adaptation plan endorsed by the city’s authorities, Khartoum State, the capital of Sudan, has repetitively\nexperienced a series of ravaging climate variability impacts. As in similar ...
COMPARISON OF ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM ALEXI AND SOILCLIM MODELS
Jurečka, František; Hlavinka, Petr; Lukas, Vojtěch; Trnka, Miroslav; Anderson, M.; Hain, C.; Balek, Jan; Bláhová, Monika; Žalud, Zdeněk
2017 - English
Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) determined by the Atmosphere-land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) model and water balance model SoilClim was compared for selected districts of the Czech Republic. The ALEXI model uses the land surface temperature (LST) from remote sensing and provides information on ETa and subsequently the surface moisture status. The SoilClim is a dynamic model of watcr content in soil and represents a model based on water balance approach. The current version of the model is able to estimate the value of ETa, as well as soil moisture content in two layers of the soil profile. Investigated period of ETa comparison were years 2014 and 2015. Especially the year 2015 had a special relevance due to the significant summer drought that occurred in CR. Model performance was compared for the period when changes in vegetation are most significant from April to August. Week sums of ETa from both models were compared at the district level for Vysodina, JihomorayskY and Olomouck, regions. The ETa values were generally higher from ALEXI as compared to SoilClim. ALEXI values were in some cases even two or three time higher. Moreover, the seasonal dynamics showed sometimes opposite trends. As this is a pilot testing of ALEXI based ETa in the conditions of Central Europe and show large differences as compared to well established methods, more detailed testing is required prior drawing any general conclusions.
Keywords:
fluxes; evapotranspiration; drought; remote sensing; land surface temperature; water balance
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
COMPARISON OF ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM ALEXI AND SOILCLIM MODELS
Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) determined by the Atmosphere-land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) model and water balance model SoilClim was compared for selected districts of the Czech Republic. The ALEXI ...
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