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Statistical analyses of Land Surface Temperature in Local Climate Zones: Case study of Brno and Prague (Czech Republic)
Geletič, Jan; Dobrovolný, Petr; Lehnert, M.
2017 - English
The classification of "local climate zones" (LCZs) emerged in urban climatology to standardize description of urban climate research sites. One of the goals of classification was to get beyond urban-rural dichotomy which enabled to study urban air temperature field in more detail. Based on empirical and modelling work LCZ have proven effective in examining intra-urban air temperature differences, however a robust examination of intra-urban land surface temperatures using the LCZ framework remains elusive. In this study a GIS-based method is used for LCZ delimitation in Prague and Brno (Czech Republic), while land surface temperatures (LSTs) derived from LANDSAT and ASTER satellite data are employed for exploring the extent to which LCZ classes discriminate with respect to LSTs. Results indicate that LCZs demonstrate the features typical of LST variability, and thus typical surface temperatures differ significantly among most LCZs. ANOVA and subsequent multiple comparison tests demonstrated that significant temperature differences between the various LCZs prevail in both cities (89.3% and 91.6% significant LST differences for Brno and Prague respectively). In general, LCZ 8 (large low-rise buildings), LCZ 10 (heavy industry) and LCZ D (low plants) are well-distinguishable, while LCZ 2 (compact midrise), LCZ 4 (open high-rise), and LCZ 9 (sparsely built-up) are less distinguishable in terms of their LST. In most of the scenes LCZ 10 (heavy industry), LCZ 2 (mid-rise buildings) and LCZ 3 (low-rise building) are the warmest and LCZ G (water bodies) and LCZ A (dense forest) are the coolest zones in term of their LST. Further studies are needed to account for observational errors (such as seasons differences or thermal anisotropy) on LCZ LST patterns.
Keywords:
Land Surface Temperature; Local Climate Zones; aster; landsat; Analysis of variance
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Statistical analyses of Land Surface Temperature in Local Climate Zones: Case study of Brno and Prague (Czech Republic)
The classification of "local climate zones" (LCZs) emerged in urban climatology to standardize description of urban climate research sites. One of the goals of classification was to get beyond ...
Využití dat z ceilometru při intepretaci vývoje koncentrací látek v ovzduší během dne
Komínková, Kateřina; Holoubek, Ivan
2017 - Czech
Pro interpretaci naměřených koncentrací látek znečišťujících atmosféru je jedním z klíčových parametrů výška mezní vrstvy atmosféry a její vývoj během dne. Planetární mezní vrstva (angl. Planetary Boundary Layer - PBL) atmosféry je široký pojem, který v sobě zahrnuje různé stavy dynamiky proudění vzduchu v části troposféry nejblíže při zemském povrchu (0 – 2 km nad povrchem), jehož bezprostřední vliv se v této oblasti projevuje. Během dne dochází v PBL ke změnám proudění. Pro měření koncentrací látek v ovzduší je velmi podstatný především vývoj (konvektivní) směšovací vrstvy (angl. Mixing Layer - ML) ve světelné části dne. Existuje řada nepřímých technik umožňujících stanovení vývoje výšky PBL, jednou z metod ednoduchou na provoz je stanovení výšky PBL na základě dat z ceilometru. Získaná data jsou ale poměrně náročná pro interpretaci. Při měření v terénu navíc nastává poměrně hodně případů, kdy hodnoty výšky PBL není možné neboť měření ceilometrem je rušeno. For the interpretation of air pollutants concentrations, the one of the key parameter is the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) evolution during a day and night. The ABL is a broad concept that includes different states of airflow dynamics in the part of troposphere closest to the Earth's surface (0-2 km above the surface), which has an effect in this area. A lot of air flow changes occur in the ABL during the day. For the measurement of substances concentrations in the air the development of mixing layer (ML) in the light part of the day is very important. A lot of ground remote sensing methods was developed for determination of ABL height during the day, one of them which can be very simply operated is to use data from ceilometer. However, the obtained outputs cannot be directly interpreted. In addition, in the case of the terrain measurements a lot of cases when ABL height values cannot be determined because the ceilometer measurement is disturbed can occur.\n\n
Keywords:
ceilometr; atmospheric boundary layer; mixing layer height concentration gradient; tropospheric ozone
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Využití dat z ceilometru při intepretaci vývoje koncentrací látek v ovzduší během dne
Pro interpretaci naměřených koncentrací látek znečišťujících atmosféru je jedním z klíčových parametrů výška mezní vrstvy atmosféry a její vývoj během dne. Planetární mezní vrstva (angl. Planetary ...
ČZU_1701
Hanuš, Jan; Fabiánek, Tomáš; Fajmon, Lukáš
2017 - Czech
Letecká hyperspektrální kampaň se souběžným laserovým snímáním povrchu nad výsypkami povrchových dolů v okolí Litvínova a Bíliny byla provedena 18. 5. 2017. Dle zadání výzkumu byly snímány dvě lokality o ploše 100 a 60km2 leteckou laboratoří Ústavu Výzkumu Globální změny AV, v.v.i. a to ve spektrálním rozsahu 380–2450nm (ve 46 a 141 pásmech), prostorovém rozlišení 0.5 a 1.25m a hustotou LiDARového mračna 4 bodů na m2. Výsledným produktem byla ortorektifikovaná mosaikovaná rastrová data v ENVI formátu (po atmosférických korekcích) a georeferencované LiDARové mračno bodů využitelné pro studium fyzicko-geografické diverzity potěžebních oblastí. Aerial hyperspectral campaign with laser scanning of surface in Litvínov and Bílina dumps area was carried out on May 18., 2017. Flying Laboratory of Imaging Systems of the Global change research institute CAS was used on two location with area of 100 and 60 km2. Surface scanning took place in the spectral range 380–2450nm (in 46 and 141 bands), spatial resolution 0.5 and 1.25m and LiDAR cloud density of 4 point per m2. The resulting product was orthocertificated raster data in ENVI format (with atmospheric correction) and georeferenced LiDAR for physical geographic diversity of the mining area studies.
Keywords:
hyperspectral data; raster data in ENVI format; physical geographic diversity
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
ČZU_1701
Letecká hyperspektrální kampaň se souběžným laserovým snímáním povrchu nad výsypkami povrchových dolů v okolí Litvínova a Bíliny byla provedena 18. 5. 2017. Dle zadání výzkumu byly snímány dvě ...
Vyškov_1705
Hanuš, Jan; Fajmon, Lukáš
2017 - Czech
Letecká kampaň Vyškov probíhala nad újezdem Březina ve dvou rozdílných letových výškách (o postorovém rozlišení rastru 0.25 a 0.5m, 0.63 a 1.25m). Data byla snímána v termínu 5.9.2017. Data byla pořízena současně třemi senzory instalovanými v Letecké hyperspektrální laboratoři Ústavu výzkumu globalní změny AV ČR, v.v.i. (ve spektrálním rozmezí od 380 do 2450 nm LiDARové mračno 8 a 4 body na m2) v průběhu jednoho přeletu. Letecká hyperspektrální kampaň Vyškov byla zaměřena na pořízení dat pro ověření maskování vojenských objektů. The airborne campaign Vyškov was carried above Březina military area in two diferent flight level (spatial resolution 0.25 and 0.5m, 0.63 and 1.25m). Flying Laboratory of Imaging Systems of Global change research institut CAS was used for aerial scanning on 5.9.2017. Airborne sensors was scanning during one flight line (spectral range from 380 to 2450nm and LiDAR with cloud density 8 and 4 points per m2). The point of interest of campaign was the acquisition of military object.
Keywords:
hyperspectral data scanning; acquisition of military object
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Vyškov_1705
Letecká kampaň Vyškov probíhala nad újezdem Březina ve dvou rozdílných letových výškách (o postorovém rozlišení rastru 0.25 a 0.5m, 0.63 a 1.25m). Data byla snímána v termínu 5.9.2017. Data byla ...
Modulation of ozone flux in a mountain spruce forest under different cloud cover
Juráň, Stanislav; Fares, S.; Urban, Otmar
2017 - English
Ozone (O3) fluxes were modelled from a concentration gradient in a Norway spruce forest at the Bílý Kříž experimental station for years 2012–2016. Daily and seasonal O3 depositions were calculated separately for days with cloudy, partly cloudy, and clear sky conditions. The hypothesis that overcast conditions modulate O3 flux in the forest ecosystem via controlled stomatal conductance is tested. Indeed, the highest stomatal conductance followed by the highest O3 deposition was found during partly cloudy and cloudy sky conditions in all seasons.
Keywords:
ozone; norway spruce; sky conditions; inverse lagrangian transport model
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Modulation of ozone flux in a mountain spruce forest under different cloud cover
Ozone (O3) fluxes were modelled from a concentration gradient in a Norway spruce forest at the Bílý Kříž experimental station for years 2012–2016. Daily and seasonal O3 depositions were calculated ...
Influence of the chlorophylls-to-carotenoids ratio on light use efficiency estimation by optical parameters
Ač, Alexander; Kováč, Daniel; Veselovská, Petra; Večeřová, Kristýna; Klem, Karel
2017 - English
The influence is examined of changing leaf photosynthetic pigments concentrations on sensitivity of the\nphotochemical reflectance index (PRI) and ΔPRI optical parameters in relation to light use efficiency\n(LUE). Photosynthetic and leaf chlorophylls-to-carotenoids (Chl/Car) ratio changes during the growth of\nEuropean Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings were induced by altering the\nliving environment inside growth chambers. Point reflectance measurements of each individual tree were\nrecording changes in optical properties while measurements were being taken simultaneously of altering\nphotosynthesis. Based on the evaluation of 45 pairs of measurements conducted on six individual saplings,\nthe observed variability in the strength of the PRI and ΔPRI versus LUE relationships was compared to the\nresulting leaf Chl/Car ratio of each tree. Data were used to explain the influence of changing pigments on\nthe sensitivity of each individual optical parameter with regards to the LUE estimation.
Keywords:
chlorophylls carotenoids; light use efficiency; optical parameters
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Influence of the chlorophylls-to-carotenoids ratio on light use efficiency estimation by optical parameters
The influence is examined of changing leaf photosynthetic pigments concentrations on sensitivity of the\nphotochemical reflectance index (PRI) and ΔPRI optical parameters in relation to light use ...
Carbon-smart forestry for building resilience to global change
Brnkalakova, S.; Kluvánková, T.; Marek, Michal V.
2017 - English
The specific role of mountain ecosystems in the carbon cycle and their importance as carbon sinks already\nhas been noted within the broader debate about climate change. There has been progress in designing\nand attempts towards implementing such mountain-specific strategies as green economies, global and regional\nconventions, frameworks, and institutions. There is still need, however, for new and integrative approaches\nto governing mountains in a sustainable and adaptive way with local and global contributions.\nThe proper institutional arrangement, adaptive forest management, and sustainable use of forest ecosystems\ncan make a substantial contribution to the well-being of local communities as well as contribute to\nmitigating global climate change by provisioning of carbon sequestration ecosystem service. This paper\nexamines how reconfiguration of social practice in forest-dependent communities can address urgent societal\nchallenges. In particular, it considers the potential of a common pool resource regime for governance\nand carbon-smart forestry in innovative management of mountain ecosystems to meet societal and natural\nchallenges.
Keywords:
mountain ecosystem; carbon cycle; carbon forestry
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Carbon-smart forestry for building resilience to global change
The specific role of mountain ecosystems in the carbon cycle and their importance as carbon sinks already\nhas been noted within the broader debate about climate change. There has been progress in ...
Urban ecosystem services in climate change mitigation
Štecová, I.; Kluvánková, T.; Pavelka, Marian
2017 - English
Climate change and global warming rapidly affect urban residents’ well-being. More than 72% of Europeans\nlive in urban environments, and their well-being is closely related to environmental quality. How cities are\nplanned and structured can exacerbate the negative effects of climate change even as natural elements and\ngreen areas are shrinking. The impact of high temperature on human health during heat waves will be one of\nthe most serious problems associated with climate change, and especially in large urban areas. Heat islands\nare mainly due to high concentration and large areas of impermeable surfaces, low moisture, few green areas,\nand poor ventilation. We present results from measuring heat islands at two locations in Bratislava and interview\nkey actors from three cities to identify risk perception regarding climate change. Expected results aim\nto mainstream ecosystem services into spatial planning in cities in support of operationalizing microclimatic\nfunction of green infrastructure to mitigate negative impact of climate change in cities.
Keywords:
global warming; ecosystem services; climate change mitigation
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Urban ecosystem services in climate change mitigation
Climate change and global warming rapidly affect urban residents’ well-being. More than 72% of Europeans\nlive in urban environments, and their well-being is closely related to environmental quality. ...
Ecosystem services in environmental policy and decision-making in the Czech Republic
Daněk, Jan
2017 - English
In response to the increasing popularity of the ecosystem services concept among scholars and policy makers\non the international level, it has become time to analyse the current state and possibilities for national\npolicy and decision-making in reflecting this concept. This article presents a sneak preview of research\nfocused on content analysis of environmental policy documents. Two current and one outdated climate\nchange policy document are analysed regarding notions of the ecosystem services concept and other aspects\nof an ecosystem-based approach. The output data show contrasting results, with the Adaptation\nStrategy scoring very high compared to the Climate Protection Policy, which almost does not reflect the\necosystem services or related ecosystem approach. Implications of the results and the entire context of the\nresearch are discussed in respective sections.
Keywords:
ecosystem services; environmental policy; decision making; Czech Republic
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Ecosystem services in environmental policy and decision-making in the Czech Republic
In response to the increasing popularity of the ecosystem services concept among scholars and policy makers\non the international level, it has become time to analyse the current state and ...
Využití odběrových filtrů z atmosférické stanice Křešín pro další analýzu
Vítková, Gabriela; Kahoun, D.; Strnadová, G.; Hanuš, Vlastimil; Petrov, M.; Tříska, Jan; Holoubek, Ivan
2017 - Czech
Atmosférická stanice Křešín u Pacova slouží jako monitorovací bod výskytu a dálkového přenosu skleníkových plynů, vybraných atmosférických polutantů a základních meteorologických charakteristik. Stanovení koncentrace skleníkových plynů (CO2, CH4, N2O, CO) se provádí ve vzduchu kontinuálně vzorkovaném ve výškách 10, 50, 125 a 250 m. Samotná analýza probíhá u paty vysokého stožáru, kam je vzduch veden pomocí trubic z materiálu Synflex 1300. Vzorkovací linky a jednotlivé analyzátory jsou před mechanickým znečištěním chráněny vstupními filtry, které jsou měněny v pravidelných intervalech v rámci rutinní údržby zařízení, nebo dříve, dojde-li k jejich neočekávanému ucpání. Analýza těchto filtrů může poskytnout další informace o prostředí v okolí stanice. Jedná se o nerezové filtry (Swagelog „T“ filtr) s porozitou 40 μm. Před nimi je předsazena odběrová hlava sloužící k ochraně před hrubými nečistotami a kapkami vody. Objemový průtok prosávaného vzduchu činí cca 15 l/min, interval výměny je obvykle 3 měsíce. Potřeba výměny těchto filtrů se v posledních měsících zvýšila, neboť průtok na vzorkovacích linkách poklesl. Vyvstává otázka, jak dlouho filtry zůstávají plně průchozí a jak dobře slouží svému účelu, aniž by zatěžovaly vzorkovací systém a snižovaly kvalitu měření. K odpovědi na tuto otázku by mohly být nápomocny výsledky analýz polycyklických aromatických uhlovodíků (PAHs) prováděné na filtrech na Ústavu chemie a biochemie Přírodovědecké fakulty Jihočeské Univerzity a také snímky ze skenovacího elektronového mikroskopu (SEM). Na základě předběžných výsledků zde navrhujeme rozsáhlejší studii pro využití tohoto odpadního materiálu k analýze pevných částic z ovzduší v okolí AS Křešín u Pacova a optimalizaci postupů QA/QC vzorkovacího systému analyzátorů skleníkových plynů. The Kresin At Pacov Atmospheric Station serves as a monitoring point for the occurrence and remote transmission of greenhouse gases, selected atmospheric pollutants and basic meteorological characteristics. The determination of the GHG concentration (CO2, CH4, N2O, CO) is carried out in air continuously sampled at 10, 50, 125 and 250 m heights. The analysis itself takes place at the foot of a high mast where the air is drawn through the tubes of Synflex 1300. lines and individual analyzers are protected from mechanical pollution by input filters that are changed at regular intervals as part of the routine maintenance of the device or earlier when unexpected clogging occurs. Analyzing these filters can provide additional information about the surrounding area. These are stainless filters (Swagelog „T“ filter) with a porosity of 40 μm. A sampling head is provided in front of them to protect them from rough dirt and water drops. The volume flow of the scrubbed air is about 15 l / min, the exchange interval is usually 3 months. The need to replace these filters has increased in recent months as the flow rate on the sampling lines has fallen. The question arises as to how long the filters remain fully passable and how well they serve their purpose without burdening the sampling system and lowering the measurement quality. The results of analyzes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) carried out on filters at the Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Faculty of Science of South Bohemian University as well as images from the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) could be helpful in answering this question. On the basis of the preliminary results, we propose a more extensive study for the use of this waste material for the analysis of solid particles from the atmosphere in the surroundings of AS Křešín near Pacov and the optimization of the QA / QC sampling systems of greenhouse gas analyzers.
Keywords:
filters; greenhouse gases; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; scanning electron microscope
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Využití odběrových filtrů z atmosférické stanice Křešín pro další analýzu
Atmosférická stanice Křešín u Pacova slouží jako monitorovací bod výskytu a dálkového přenosu skleníkových plynů, vybraných atmosférických polutantů a základních meteorologických charakteristik. ...
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