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Právo na informace jako základní lidské právo
Kolman, Jiří
2015 - Czech
Při analýze otázky práva na informace u institucí EU je potřeba si vyjasnit fundamentální teoreticko-právní otázku, jestli lze toto právo považovat za základní lidské právo uplatnitelné mj. i v právu mezinárodním. V současnosti EU lavíruje mezi supranacionálním přístupem a pohledem intergovernmentálním, který se projevuje aplikací pravidel světa diplomacie (tj. mezinárodního práva). Existuje v případě unijních institucí prostor pro plnohodnotný přístup k informacím, tak jak jsme zvyklí z většiny členských zemí? When analysing free access to information of the EU institutions it is needed to clarify the fundamental theoretical question of law, if that law can be considered as a basic human right exercisable, inter alia, in international law application. Currently EU law oscillates between supranational approach and intergovernmental point of view using diplomacy rules (international law). Is there, in the case of the EU institutions, space for full access to information, as we are used to it in the case of the EU member states?
Keywords:
right to information; basic human rights; freedom of information and institutions of the European Union; EU administrative law; democracy; public international law; diplomacy; supranacionalism; intergovernmentalism
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Právo na informace jako základní lidské právo
Při analýze otázky práva na informace u institucí EU je potřeba si vyjasnit fundamentální teoreticko-právní otázku, jestli lze toto právo považovat za základní lidské právo uplatnitelné mj. i v ...
Köppen–Geiger climate classification by different regional climate models according to the SRES A1B scenario in the 21st century
Szabó-Takács, Beáta; Farda, Aleš; Zahradníček, Pavel; Štěpánek, Petr
2015 - English
We investigate future climate conditions projected by six regional climate model (RCM) simulations driven by the SRES A1B emission scenario. As a diagnostic tool of climate change, we used the Köppen–Geiger climate classification as it is suitable for assessing climate change impacts on ecosystems. The analysis is based on a comparison of Köppen–Geiger climate subtypes during two future time slices (2021–2050 and 2070– 2100) with climate subtypes observed during 1961–2000. All RCMs showed expansion of the area covered by warmer climate types in the future, but the magnitude of the growth varied among RCMs. The differences stemmed from several sources, mainly boundary forcing provided by the driving global circulation models (GCMs) as well as different physical packages, resolution, and natural variability representation in individual GCMs. In general, RCMs driven by the ECHAM5-r3 GCM projected cooler climate conditions than did RCMs driven by the ARPÈGE GCM. This can be explained by two factors related to ECHAM5-r3: i) exaggerated transport of cool and moist air from the North Atlantic to Europe in summer, and ii) winter advection of cold air from the Artic owing to North Atlantic Oscillation blocking pattern alteration during solar minima as well as higher natural variability. RCM-related properties, such as physical package and spatial resolution, may also significantly affect climate predictions, although they do so to a smaller extent than does the driving GCM data.
Keywords:
climate models; climate classification; 21st century
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Köppen–Geiger climate classification by different regional climate models according to the SRES A1B scenario in the 21st century
We investigate future climate conditions projected by six regional climate model (RCM) simulations driven by the SRES A1B emission scenario. As a diagnostic tool of climate change, we used the ...
Long-term productivity of short rotation coppice under decreased soil water availability
Orság, Matěj; Fischer, Milan; Tripathi, Abishek; Žalud, Zdeněk; Trnka, Miroslav
2015 - English
Wood, in fact, is the unsung hero of the technological revolution that has brought us from a stone and bone culture to our present age (Perlin 1991). Given its high-energy content and versatile use, biomass in the form of wood has been used for energy purposes for millennia. The production and use of woody biomass resources has been expanding around the world. The main drivers of its use as a source of energy are diversification and mitigation of energy related greenhouse gas emissions through partial substitution for fossil fuels. An alternative to sourcing wood biomass from natural forests is short rotation woody coppice. Its productivity is largely dependent on the environment in terms of climatic conditions. Especially drought is the main constraint on woody biomass production and involves serious economic consequences. For that reason, our field experiment was designed to evaluate the impact of decreased soil water availability on productivity of a poplar based short rotation coppice plantation over multiple growing seasons during 2011–2014. Aboveground biomass productivity of treatments with and without throughfall exclusion was assessed within this study. Our results show a systematic decline in the productivity of the plots subjected to decreased soil water availability by 30% in 2011, 20% in 2012, 49% in 2013, and 51% in 2014 compared to control plot. Aboveground biomass productivity ranged from 8.8 to 9.9 t dry matter ha−1 year−1 for the control treatment and 4.5 to 8.0 t dry matter ha−1 year−1 for the treatment with throughfall exclusion.On average, the throughfall exclusion treatment exhibited 47% less productivity than control treatment had over the entire study period.
Keywords:
short rotation coppice; soil water availability
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Long-term productivity of short rotation coppice under decreased soil water availability
Wood, in fact, is the unsung hero of the technological revolution that has brought us from a stone and bone culture to our present age (Perlin 1991). Given its high-energy content and versatile use, ...
The influence of reduced precipitation supply on spring barley yields and the ability of crop growth models to simulate drought stress
Pohanková, Eva; Orság, Matěj; Hlavinka, Petr
2015 - English
This paper evaluates the first year (2014) of results from a field experiment with spring barley (cultivar Bojos) under reduced precipitation supply. The field experiment was carried out at an experimental station in the Czech Republic and consisted of small plots in two variants and three repetitions. The first variant was uncovered, and the second was partly covered to exclude rain throughout the entire vegetation season. For plots’ partial covering, a material was used to divert rainwater away from 70% of the plots. The main aim was to determine whether there are any differences in soil water content or in grain yield size between uncovered and partly covered plots and to compare the results obtained. Data measured in this field experiment were used to compare simulations of this field experiment in the DAISY crop growth model. Subsequently, the crop growth model’s ability to simulate grain yield, which was affected by drought stress, was explored. In reality, differences in phenological development and grain yield size were not evident. Reducing precipitation supply in DAISY by about 70% led to simulations of covered plots with reduced grain yield in accordance with the initial hypothesis. Agreement between observed and simulated grain yield was evaluated using selected statistical indicators: root mean square error (RMSE) as a parameter of average magnitude of error and mean bias error (MBE) as an indicator of systematic error. RMSE of grain yield was 2.6 t ha−1. MBE revealed grain yield undervalued by 2.6 t ha−1.
Keywords:
spring barley; crop growth models; simulate drought stress
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
The influence of reduced precipitation supply on spring barley yields and the ability of crop growth models to simulate drought stress
This paper evaluates the first year (2014) of results from a field experiment with spring barley (cultivar Bojos) under reduced precipitation supply. The field experiment was carried out at an ...
Effects of vegetation season and needles’ position in spruce canopy on emissions of volatile organic compounds
Večeřová, Kristýna; Holišová, Petra; Pallozi, E.; Guidolotti, G.; Calfapietra, Carlo; Urban, Otmar
2015 - English
The main objective of this study was to investigate seasonal changes and vertical distribution in emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) within a Norway spruce canopy profile. Emissions were measured on current-year needles from the upper and lower canopy in early July and late August. Our results show that total BVOC emissions under standardized conditions (light intensity 1,000 µmol m–2 s–1, temperature 30°C) are higher in July than they are in August. BVOC emissions from upper canopy needles were approximately 3 times higher than were those from lower canopy needles. This difference was observed in July but not in August. The monoterpenes α-pinene, camphene, and terpinolene showed the most significant differences between emissions from upper and lower canopy needles.
Keywords:
vegetation season; spruce canopy; organic compounds
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Effects of vegetation season and needles’ position in spruce canopy on emissions of volatile organic compounds
The main objective of this study was to investigate seasonal changes and vertical distribution in emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) within a Norway spruce canopy profile. ...
The importance of hydromorphological analysis in evaluating floodplain disturbances – an upper Stropnice River case study
Jakubínský, Jiří; Pelíšek, I.; Cudlín, Pavel
2015 - English
This contribution deals with a comparative analysis of the hydromorphological state of a river network and the ecological status of a neighbouring floodplain area. The issue has gained great importance especially in addressing the causes and effects of flood events, which are an increasingly frequent manifestation of global environmental change at the local level. The area of interest was the upper part of the Stropnice River basin in Southern Bohemia with an area of about 100 km2. The basin is characterized by wide variability of natural conditions and human activities. The main objective was to analyse how the river’s morphological status affects habitat type naturalness. We endeavoured to determine the extent to which hydromorphological modifications contributed to transforming riparian natural habitats into more human-influenced habitats. Based on the results, we can conclude that within the area of interest the direct link between rivers and their close surroundings was only minimal. A significant role in shaping this relationship was played by a large anthropogenic modification of the entire floodplain area as well as the actual riverbed, which often causes completely different results. In areas where the floodplain ecosystem displayed relatively favourable environmental values, the relevant channel reach was degraded significantly, and vice versa. These facts point to longterm effects from anthropogenic pressure, which are manifested in the mutually and not well coordinated management of the river network and land-use system within the watershed.
Keywords:
hydromorphological analysis; Stropnice River; floodplain disturbances
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
The importance of hydromorphological analysis in evaluating floodplain disturbances – an upper Stropnice River case study
This contribution deals with a comparative analysis of the hydromorphological state of a river network and the ecological status of a neighbouring floodplain area. The issue has gained great ...
Estimating values of urban ecosystem services in Kladno
Frélichová, Jana; Pártl, Adam; Harmáčková, Veronika Zuzana; Vačkář, David
2015 - English
The benefits provided by urban nature have a substantial capacity to enhance human well-being. We quantify these benefits in the city of Kladno through the concept of ecosystem services by combining a value transfer method with surveys on citizen satisfaction and ecosystem services recognition. The results provide biophysical values of carbon sequestration and run-off and reveal stronger perception of benefits and higher preferences among citizens of Kladno for recreational services. Therefore, recreation is more suitable as a flagship service to encourage public participation than are such expert indicators as tonnes of carbon sequestered and increased run-off.
Keywords:
Urban ecosystem services; Kladno; carbon sequestered
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Estimating values of urban ecosystem services in Kladno
The benefits provided by urban nature have a substantial capacity to enhance human well-being. We quantify these benefits in the city of Kladno through the concept of ecosystem services by combining ...
Interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration, drought, and nitrogen nutrition on yield and grain quality of spring barley and winter wheat
Surá, Kateřina; Rajsnerová, Petra; Veselá, Barbora; Klem, Karel
2015 - English
The interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration (EC; 700 μmol mol–1), drought stress, UV exclusion, and nitrogen nutrition were studied in open-top chambers located in the Bohemian–Moravian highlands (24 in total). Above-ground biomass at the time of harvest, grain yield, and grain quality parameters were studied in winter wheat (variety Bohemia) and spring barley (variety Bojos). The results showed that elevation of CO2 concentrations increased above-ground biomass and grain yield. Higher levels of nitrogen increased the stimulatory effect of EC on above-ground biomass and grain yield. In addition, UV exclusion stimulated the effect of EC. EC generally led to increased rates of photosynthesis and assimilate formation. Increased storage of starch in the grain led to an unbalanced proportion of proteins and a decrease in their relative content in grain. Similarly to grain yield and above-ground biomass, the decrease in protein content under EC was also more pronounced under UV exclusion. EC led also to reduction of other quality parameters, such as the Zeleny sedimentation test. This effect is more pronounced when nitrogen is not a limiting factor as well as under the effect of drought. The stronger effect under drought stress is probably due to increased water use efficiency.
Keywords:
CO2 concentration; nitrogen nutrition; grain quality; winter wheat
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration, drought, and nitrogen nutrition on yield and grain quality of spring barley and winter wheat
The interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration (EC; 700 μmol mol–1), drought stress, UV exclusion, and nitrogen nutrition were studied in open-top chambers located in the Bohemian–Moravian ...
Drivers of soil moisture trends in the Czech Republic between 1961 and 2012
Trnka, Miroslav; Brázdil, Rudolf; Balek, J.; Semerádová, Daniela; Hlavinka, Petr; Možný, M.; Štěpánek, Petr; Dobrovolný, Petr; Zahradníček, Pavel; Dubrovský, Martin; Eitzinger, Josef; Fuchs, B.; Svoboda, M.; Hayes, M.; Žalud, Zdeněk
2015 - English
Soil moisture dynamics and their temporal trends in the Czech Republic are forced by various drivers. Our analysis of temporal trends indicates that shifts in drought severity between 1961 and 2012 and especially in the April, May, and June period, which displayed such results as a 50% increase in drought probability during 1961–1980 in comparison to 2001–2012. We found that increased global radiation and air temperature together with decreased relative humidity (all statistically significant at p < 0.05) led to increases in the reference evapotranspiration in all months of the growing season; this trend was particularly evident in April, May, and August, when more than 80% of the territory displayed an increased demand for soil water. These changes, in combination with the earlier end of snow cover and the earlier start of the growing season (up to 20 days in some regions), led to increased actual evapotranspiration at the start of the growing season that tended to deplete the soil moisture earlier, leaving the soil more exposed to the impacts of rainfall variability. These results support concerns related to the potentially increased severity of drought events in Central Europe. The reported trend patterns are of particular importance with respect to expected climate change, given the robustness and consistency of the trends shown and the fact that they can be aligned with the existing climate model projections. Introduction
Keywords:
soil moisture; Czech Republic; climate change
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Drivers of soil moisture trends in the Czech Republic between 1961 and 2012
Soil moisture dynamics and their temporal trends in the Czech Republic are forced by various drivers. Our analysis of temporal trends indicates that shifts in drought severity between 1961 and 2012 ...
Metoda pro validaci koncentraci troposférického ozonu v ovzduší kontinuálně měřených na atmosférické stanici Křešín u Pacova
Mikušková, Martina; Komínková, Kateřina; Dvorská, Alice; Hanuš, Vlastimil
2015 - Czech
Koncentrace troposférického ozonu jsou měřeny na Atmosférické stanici Křešín u Pacova ve třech výškových úrovních 250 m vysokého meteorologického stožáru. Pro správné vyhodnocení získaných koncentračních dat je nutné zajistit co nejvyšší kvalitu během jejich měření, validace a ukládání. V následujícím textu je představena metoda pro validaci minutových měření koncentrací z jednotlivých výšek. Tropospheric ozone concentrations are measured at three height levels of 250 m high meteorological mast at atmospheric station Křešín u Pacova. In order to get a correct evaluation of the collected concentration data it is necessary to ensure the highest quality during their measurement, validation and storage. The following text presents a method for validation of measurements of minute concentrations from individual heights.
Keywords:
concentrations of tropospheric ozone; validation of measurement; quality of measurement
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Metoda pro validaci koncentraci troposférického ozonu v ovzduší kontinuálně měřených na atmosférické stanici Křešín u Pacova
Koncentrace troposférického ozonu jsou měřeny na Atmosférické stanici Křešín u Pacova ve třech výškových úrovních 250 m vysokého meteorologického stožáru. Pro správné vyhodnocení získaných ...
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