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Shifting punishment on minorities: experimental evidence of scapegoating
Bauer, Michal; Cahlíková, J.; Chytilová, Julie; Roland, G.; Želinský, T.
2021 - anglický
This paper provides experimental evidence showing that members of a majority group systematically shift punishment on innocent members of an ethnic minority. We develop a new incentivized task, the Punishing the Scapegoat Game, to measure how injustice affecting a member of one’s own group shapes punishment of an unrelated bystander (“a scapegoat”). We manipulate the ethnic identity of the scapegoats and study interactions between the majority group and the Roma minority in Slovakia. We find that when no harm is done, there is no evidence of discrimination against the ethnic minority. In contrast, when a member of one’s own group is harmed, the punishment ”passed” on innocent individuals more than doubles when they are from the minority, as compared to when they are from the dominant group. These results illuminate how individualized tensions can be transformed into a group conflict, dragging minorities into conflicts in a way that is completely unrelated to their behavior.
Klíčová slova:
punishment; minority groups; inter-group conflict
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Shifting punishment on minorities: experimental evidence of scapegoating
This paper provides experimental evidence showing that members of a majority group systematically shift punishment on innocent members of an ethnic minority. We develop a new incentivized task, the ...
Forced migration, staying minorities, and new societies: evidence from post-war Czechoslovakia
Grossmann, Jakub; Jurajda, Štěpán; Roesel, F.
2021 - anglický
Forced migration traumatizes millions displaced from their homes, but little is known about the few who manage to stay and become a minority in a new society. We study the case of German stayers in Sudetenland, a region from which Czechoslovakia expelled ethnic Germans after World War Two. The unexpected presence of the US Army in parts of 1945 Czechoslovakia resulted in more anti-fascist Germans avoiding displacement compared to regions liberated by the Red Army. We study the long-run impacts of this local variation in the presence of left-leaning stayers and find that Communist party support and local party cell frequencies, as well as far-left values and social policies are more pronounced today where anti-fascist Germans stayed in larger numbers. Our findings also suggest that political identity supplanted German ethnic identity among anti-fascist stayers. The German staying minority shaped the political identity of newly formed local societies after ethnic cleansing by providing the ‘small seed’ of political development.
Klíčová slova:
forced migration; displacement; ethnic cleansing
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Forced migration, staying minorities, and new societies: evidence from post-war Czechoslovakia
Forced migration traumatizes millions displaced from their homes, but little is known about the few who manage to stay and become a minority in a new society. We study the case of German stayers in ...
The effects of minimum wage increases in the Czech Republic
Grossmann, Jakub
2021 - anglický
This paper analyzes employment effects of four minimum wage increases implemented in the Czech Republic during 2012-2017, which cumulatively increased the national minimum wage by 37 percent. We analyze outcomes at the level of firm-occupation-county-specific job cells and apply an intensity-treatment estimator similar to that of Machin et al. (2003). Our preferred specifications suggest that minimum wage increases led to higher wages for low-paid workers and did not have significant impacts on their employment.
Klíčová slova:
minimum wage; intensity treatment; job cells
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
The effects of minimum wage increases in the Czech Republic
This paper analyzes employment effects of four minimum wage increases implemented in the Czech Republic during 2012-2017, which cumulatively increased the national minimum wage by 37 percent. We ...
Wages, minimum wages, and price pass-through: the case of McDonald's restaurants
Ashenfelter, O.; Jurajda, Štěpán
2021 - anglický
We use highly consistent national-coverage price and wage data to provide evidence on wage increases, labor-saving technology introduction, and price pass-through by a large low-wage employer facing minimum wage hikes. Based on 2016-2020 hourly wage rates of McDonald’s Basic Crew and prices of the Big Mac sandwich collected simultaneously from almost all US McDonald’s restaurants, we find that in about 25% of instances of minimum wage increases, restaurants display a tendency to keep constant their wage ‘premium’ above the increasing minimum wage. Higher minimum wages are not associated with faster adoption of touch-screen ordering, and there is near-full price pass-through of minimum wages, with little heterogeneity related to how binding minimum wage increases are for restaurants. Minimum wage hikes lead to increases in real wages (expressed in Big Macs an hour of Basic Crew work can buy) that are one fifth lower than the corresponding increases in nominal wages.
Klíčová slova:
minimum wages; wage increases; McDonald’s
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Wages, minimum wages, and price pass-through: the case of McDonald's restaurants
We use highly consistent national-coverage price and wage data to provide evidence on wage increases, labor-saving technology introduction, and price pass-through by a large low-wage employer facing ...
Společenský status učňovského vzdělávání v České republice: vývoj posledních 15 let a srovnání se zahraničím
Korbel, Václav; Münich, Daniel
2021 - český
Česká republika (ČR) má historicky silnou větev učňovského vzdělávání, do které každý rok vstupuje okolo 30 % žáků prvního ročníku středního vzdělávání (SV). Často se debatuje, jak velký podíl žáků má studovat v učňovském vzdělávání, ale méně se zkoumá, jací žáci o něj mají zájem a jak se jejich složení mění v čase. Tato studie mapuje tyto fenomény měřením společenského statusu učňovského vzdělávání v ČR a jeho vývoje od roku 2003. Na základě zahraničních studií definujeme společenský status jako relativní rozdíl v gramotnosti žáků prvního ročníku učňovského vzdělávání oproti podobně starým žákům zbylých typů SV v testování PISA při kontrole dalších faktorů. Společenský status tedy odráží, jací žáci si učňovské vzdělávání vybírali, a je součtem různých faktorů, které ovlivnily jejich výběr – očekávaná kvalita vzdělávání, uplatnění po dokončení, zaměření daného oboru nebo vnímání a názory rodičů a spolužáků na základních školách (ZŠ). Například, pokud by se relativní gramotnost žáků učňovského vzdělávání oproti ostatním typům SV mezi lety snížila, můžeme to za splnění určitých předpokladů interpretovat jako pokles společenského statusu učňovského vzdělávání. The Czech Republic (CZ) has an historically strong system of vocational education and training (VET), which around 30% of first-year high school (HS) students enter each year. How many students should enter VET has often been debated. However, which students select into VET and how their composition has changed over time has been less examined. This study maps these phenomena by measuring the social status linked to VET programs in the Czech Republic since 2003. Based on previous literature, we define social status as the relative difference in PISA scores of first-year VET students compared to first year students at other types of high schools. The social status thus reflects which students chose VET, and is the sum of various factors that influenced their choice – the expected quality of education, employment prospects after graduation, and the perception and opinions of parents and primary school classmates. If the relative PISA scores of VET students decreased in comparison to those of students who entered other types of high schools from one PISA wave to another, we can interpret this as a decrease in the social status of VET students.
Klíčová slova:
vocational education and training; Czech Republic; social status
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Společenský status učňovského vzdělávání v České republice: vývoj posledních 15 let a srovnání se zahraničím
Česká republika (ČR) má historicky silnou větev učňovského vzdělávání, do které každý rok vstupuje okolo 30 % žáků prvního ročníku středního vzdělávání (SV). Často se debatuje, jak velký podíl žáků má ...
Revealing private information in a patent race
Kocourek, Pavel
2021 - anglický
In this paper I investigate the role of private information in a patent race. Since firms often do their research in secrecy, the common assumption in patent race literature that firms know each other’s position in the race is questionable. I analyze how the dynamics of the game changes when a firm’s progress is its private information, and I address the question whether revealing it might be to a firm’s advantage. I find that a firm has an incentive to reveal its breakthrough only if its rival has not done so, and only if the research is costly.
Klíčová slova:
patent race; R&D investment; optimal effort
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Revealing private information in a patent race
In this paper I investigate the role of private information in a patent race. Since firms often do their research in secrecy, the common assumption in patent race literature that firms know each ...
Sociální kontakty v časech covid-19
Pertold, Filip; Lichard, T.
2021 - český
Rychlost šíření epidemie je do značné míry ovlivněna počtem mezilidských kontaktů. Pomocí dat “Život během pandemie” analyzujeme vývoj počtu kontaktů během roku 2020. Počet kontaktů vykazovaných v sociologickém šetření je silně\nkorelovaný jak s číslem R (reprodukčním číslem), tak s objektivním měřením aktivity v Google mobility reportu. Základní cíl této analýzy je ukázat, jak je počet kontaktů svázán s reportovanými aktivitami, které jsou přímo nebo nepřímo ovlivňovány vládními opatřeními. The rate of spread of the epidemic is largely influenced by the number of contacts. Using the data “Life during the pandemic”, we analyze the development of the number of contacts during 2020. The number of contacts reported in the sociological survey is strongly correlated with both the R number (reproduction number) and the objective measurement of activity in the Google mobility report. The basic goal of this analysis is to show how the number of contacts is linked to the reported activities, which are directly or indirectly affected by government measures.
Klíčová slova:
social contacts; COVID-19; Czech Republic
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Sociální kontakty v časech covid-19
Rychlost šíření epidemie je do značné míry ovlivněna počtem mezilidských kontaktů. Pomocí dat “Život během pandemie” analyzujeme vývoj počtu kontaktů během roku 2020. Počet kontaktů vykazovaných v ...
Forecasting realized volatility using machine learning and mixed-frequency data (the case of the Russian stock market)
Pyrlik, Vladimir; Elizarov, P.; Leonova, A.
2021 - anglický
We assess the performance of selected machine learning algorithms (lasso, random forest, gradient boosting, and long short-term memory) in forecasting the daily realized volatility of returns of selected top stocks in the Russian stock market in comparison with a heterogeneous autoregressive realized volatility benchmark in 2018-2020. We seek to improve the predictive power of the models by including various economic indicators that carry information about future volatility. We find that lasso delivers a good combination of easy implementation and forecast precision. The other algorithms require fine-tuning and frequent re-training, otherwise they are likely to fail to outperform the benchmark often enough. Only the basic lagged log-RV values are significant explanatory variables in terms of the benchmark in-sample quality. Many economic indicators of mixed frequencies improve the predictive power of lasso though, including calendar and overnight effects, financial spillovers from local and global markets, and various macroeconomics indicators.
Klíčová slova:
heterogeneous autoregressive model; machine learning; lasso
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Forecasting realized volatility using machine learning and mixed-frequency data (the case of the Russian stock market)
We assess the performance of selected machine learning algorithms (lasso, random forest, gradient boosting, and long short-term memory) in forecasting the daily realized volatility of returns of ...
Forced migration, staying minorities, and new societies: evidence from post-war Czechoslovakia
Grossmann, Jakub; Jurajda, Štěpán; Roesel, F.
2021 - anglický
Forced migration traumatizes millions displaced from their homes, but little is known about the few who manage to stay and become a minority in a new society. We study the case of German stayers in Sudetenland, a region from which Czechoslovakia expelled ethnic Germans after World War Two. The unexpected presence of the US Army in parts of 1945 Czechoslovakia resulted in more anti-fascist Germans avoiding displacement compared to regions liberated by the Red Army. We study the long-run impacts of this local variation in the presence of left-leaning stayers and find that Communist party support and local party cell frequencies, as well as far-left values and social policies are more pronounced today where anti-fascist Germans stayed in larger numbers. Our findings also suggest that political identity supplanted German ethnic identity among anti-fascist stayers. The German staying minority shaped the political identity of newly formed local societies after ethnic cleansing by providing the ‘small seed’ of political development.
Klíčová slova:
forced migration; displacement; ethnic cleansing
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Forced migration, staying minorities, and new societies: evidence from post-war Czechoslovakia
Forced migration traumatizes millions displaced from their homes, but little is known about the few who manage to stay and become a minority in a new society. We study the case of German stayers in ...
Platy učitelů v roce 2019: blýská se na lepší časy?
Münich, Daniel; Smolka, Vladimír
2020 - český
Co do relativní úrovně učitelských platů vůči ostatním vysokoškolsky vzdělaným zaměstnancům si Česko dlouhodobě vede velmi špatně. Ještě v roce 2018 patřilo Česku poslední pořadí ze všech ekonomicky vyspělých zemí. Relativní úroveň platů přitom spoluurčuje atraktivitu učitelské profese a zájem o ní. Atraktivitu vyžaduje nejen potřeba zajištění dostatku učitelů, ale umožňuje uplatňovat výběrovost s důrazem na kvalitu práce učitelů. Nedávno zveřejněné podrobné národní údaje za rok 2019, na kterých je založena tato studie, ukazují, že se situace začala výrazně zlepšovat. A podle původního slibu současné vlády by to mělo pokračovat i v letech 2020 a 2021. Průměrný plat učitelů základních škol (ZŠ) v roce 2019 dosáhl 123,5 % průměrného platu v ekonomice, oproti 114,3 % v roce 2018. Relativní platy učitelů tak po téměř patnácti letech překonaly historické maximum z roku 2006. Tempa růstu učitelských platů v roce 2019 výrazně převyšovala tempa u vysokoškolsky vzdělaných zaměstnanců veřejného sektoru a velmi výrazně sektoru podnikatelského. Během dvou let 2018–2019 tak průměrný i mediánový plat učitele vzrostl o více než 28 %. Odpovídající růst u vysokoškolsky vzdělaných zaměstnanců veřejného sektoru byl 19,8 % a v podnikatelském sektoru pouze 14,1 %.\n As far as the relative level of pay for teachers compared to other university-educated employees is concerned, the Czech Republic has long occupied a very low position relative to other developed countries. As recently as 2018, the country ranked lowest on this front among all the OECD countries. The relative level of teachers’ pay is one of the factors that determine the attractiveness of the teaching profession. The teaching profession needs to be attractive not only in order to ensure a sufficient supply of teaching staff but also to enable selectivity in teacher recruitment, with an emphasis on teacher quality. The national data for 2019, which have recently been published and on which this study is based, show that this situation has begun to improve substantially. If the pledges originally made by the current government are anything to go by, this situation ought to further improve substantially during 2020 and 2021. In 2019 primary school teachers’ average pay reached 123.5% of the average salary in the national economy, up from 114.3% in 2018. This means that teachers’ relative pay level exceeded the previous record, which was set almost fifteen years ago in 2006. The speed of increase in teachers’ salaries in 2019 was far greater than the speed of increase in the salaries of other university-educated public sector employees and very substantially greater than that in the private sector. During 2018-2019 teachers’ mean and median pay rose by more than 28%. The equivalent growth among university-educated employees in the public sector was 19.8% and in the private sector just 14,1%.\n
Klíčová slova:
teachers’ pay; Czech Republic
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Platy učitelů v roce 2019: blýská se na lepší časy?
Co do relativní úrovně učitelských platů vůči ostatním vysokoškolsky vzdělaným zaměstnancům si Česko dlouhodobě vede velmi špatně. Ještě v roce 2018 patřilo Česku poslední pořadí ze všech ekonomicky ...
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