Number of found documents: 940
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Kdo v první vlně pandemie zachránil zaměstnance? Analýza čerpání podpory programu Antivirus B
Jurajda, Štěpán; Doleželová, P.; Zapletalová, Lucie
2021 - Czech
Studie srovnává strukturu využití programu Antivirus B českými firmami v druhé čtvrtině roku 2020, tedy v průběhu první „jarní vlny“ epidemie covid-19. Srovnání je provedeno se strukturou ekonomiky a strukturou poptávkových šoků aproximovaných poklesem odpracovaných hodin oproti druhému kvartálu roku 2019. Studie dává příklad, jak tento typ programů do budoucna průběžně monitorovat. Zjištění studie lze použít při rozhodování o podobě dlouhodobého nastavení nástroje typu kurzarbeit v českém právním řádu. This study examines the structure of Czech firms’ use of the Antivirus B programme in the second quarter of 2020, i.e. during the first “spring wave” of the Covid-19 epidemic. We compare application of the programme benefits with the structure of the economy and with the structure of demand shocks, approximated by the drop in hours worked against those worked in the second quarter of 2019. The study provides an example of how this type of programme could be continuously monitored in the future. The study’s findings can be useful when making long term decisions about how to set up tools such as kurzarbeit in Czech legislation. Keywords: kurzarbeit; Covid-19; Czech Republic Fulltext is available at external website.
Kdo v první vlně pandemie zachránil zaměstnance? Analýza čerpání podpory programu Antivirus B

Studie srovnává strukturu využití programu Antivirus B českými firmami v druhé čtvrtině roku 2020, tedy v průběhu první „jarní vlny“ epidemie covid-19. Srovnání je provedeno se strukturou ekonomiky a ...

Jurajda, Štěpán; Doleželová, P.; Zapletalová, Lucie
Národohospodářský ústav, 2021

Sequential vote buying
Chen, Y.; Zápal, Jan
2021 - English
To enact a policy, a leader needs votes from committee members with heterogeneous opposition intensities. She sequentially offers transfers in exchange for votes. The transfers are either promises paid only if the policy passes or paid up front. With transfer promises, a vote costs nearly zero. With up-front payments, a vote can cost significantly more than zero, but the leader is better off with up-front payments. The leader does not necessarily buy the votes of those least opposed. The opposition structure most challenging to the leader involves either a homogeneous committee or a committee with two homogenous groups. Our results provide an explanation for several empirical regularities: lobbying of strongly opposed legislators, the Tullock Paradox and expansion of the whip system in the U.S. House concurrent with ideological homogenization of parties. We also discuss several extensions including private histories and simultaneous offers. Keywords: vote buying; legislative bargaining; coalition building Fulltext is available at external website.
Sequential vote buying

To enact a policy, a leader needs votes from committee members with heterogeneous opposition intensities. She sequentially offers transfers in exchange for votes. The transfers are either promises ...

Chen, Y.; Zápal, Jan
Národohospodářský ústav, 2021

Paternal circular migration and development of socio-emotional skills of children left behind
Adunts, Davit
2021 - English
This study investigates the short-run effect of paternal absence due to circular migration on the socio-emotional skills of their children left behind. To address the endogeneity of the migration decision, and building on previous studies, this study focuses on children whose fathers have all engaged in circular migration. Furthermore, using quasi-exogenous variation in the timing of return migration induced by bilateral migration laws between Ukraine and Poland, I circumvent the bias related to the return migration decision. The findings of this study suggest that current paternal absence due to circular migration negatively affects the socioemotional skills of children left behind. Overall, this result suggests that circular migration is not necessarily a „triple-win“ solution that benefits all involved parties. Keywords: circular migration; children left behind; perseverance skills Fulltext is available at external website.
Paternal circular migration and development of socio-emotional skills of children left behind

This study investigates the short-run effect of paternal absence due to circular migration on the socio-emotional skills of their children left behind. To address the endogeneity of the migration ...

Adunts, Davit
Národohospodářský ústav, 2021

A note on Jain's digital piracy model: horizontal vs vertical product differentiation
Kúnin, Michael; Žigić, Krešimir
2021 - English
We study how private intellectual property rights protection affects equilibrium prices and profits in a duopoly competition between firms that offer a product variety of distinct qualities (vertical product differentiation) in a setup that is closely related to that put forward by Jain (2008), where firms offer the same qualities in equilibrium (horizontal product differentiation). Consumers may make a choice to buy a legal version, use an illegal copy (if they want to and can), or not use a product at all. Using an illegal version violates intellectual property rights protection and is thus punishable when disclosed. Thus, both private and public (copyright) intellectual property rights protection are available on scene. Keywords: vertical and horizontal product differentiation; software piracy; Bertrand competition Fulltext is available at external website.
A note on Jain's digital piracy model: horizontal vs vertical product differentiation

We study how private intellectual property rights protection affects equilibrium prices and profits in a duopoly competition between firms that offer a product variety of distinct qualities (vertical ...

Kúnin, Michael; Žigić, Krešimir
Národohospodářský ústav, 2021

Environmental regulations, air pollution, and infant mortality in India: a reexamination
Kyrychenko, Olexiy
2021 - English
This paper reexamines empirical evidence on the effectiveness of environmental regulations in India from a recent study by Greenstone and Hanna (GH, 2014). GH report that air pollution control policies in India were effective in improving air quality but had a modest and statistically insignificant effect on infant mortality. These somewhat counterintuitive findings are likely to stem from the limited availability of ground-based air pollution data used in GH and the absence of critical meteorological confounders. I leverage recent advances in satellite technology and GH’s methodology to test the sensitivity of their findings to revised air pollution outcomes, an extended number of observations, and meteorological controls. Despite striking differences between the two datasets, reexamination using satellite-based data confirms the conclusions drawn from GH’s data. The effects of the policies are, however, substantially weaker. The paper urges further research on the effectiveness of environmental regulations in developing countries and the use of satellite imagery in the examination of this important question. Keywords: air pollution; infant mortality; environmental regulation Fulltext is available at external website.
Environmental regulations, air pollution, and infant mortality in India: a reexamination

This paper reexamines empirical evidence on the effectiveness of environmental regulations in India from a recent study by Greenstone and Hanna (GH, 2014). GH report that air pollution control ...

Kyrychenko, Olexiy
Národohospodářský ústav, 2021

Air pollution and migration: exploiting a natural experiment from the Czech Republic
Mikula, Š.; Pytliková, Mariola
2021 - English
This paper examines the causal effects of air pollution on migration by exploiting a natural experiment in which desulfurization technologies were rapidly implemented in coal-burning power plants in the Czech Republic in the 1990s. These technologies substantially decreased air pollution levels without per se affecting economic activity. The results based on a difference-in-differences estimator imply that improvements in air quality reduced emigration from previously heavily polluted municipalities by 24%. We find that the effect of air pollution on emigration tended to be larger in municipalities with weaker social capital and fewer man-made amenities. Thus, our results imply that strengthening social capital and investing in better facilities and public services could partially mitigate depopulation responses to air pollution. Finally, we look at heterogeneous migratory responses to air pollution by education and age and find some evidence that the more educated tend to be more sensitive to air pollution in their settlement behavior. Keywords: air pollution; migration; natural experiment Fulltext is available at external website.
Air pollution and migration: exploiting a natural experiment from the Czech Republic

This paper examines the causal effects of air pollution on migration by exploiting a natural experiment in which desulfurization technologies were rapidly implemented in coal-burning power plants in ...

Mikula, Š.; Pytliková, Mariola
Národohospodářský ústav, 2021

Jaké změny v rodinné politice slibují volební programy politických stran? Shrnutí a rozbory
Ostrý, Michal; Pertold, Filip
2021 - Czech
V práci stručně shrnujeme návrhy jednotlivých politických subjektů (dále stran) v jednotlivých oblastech ekonomicky založené rodinné politiky. Shrnutí doplňujeme odbornými komentáři, které mají oporu v řadě výzkumných studií včetně studií IDEA při CERGE-EI. In this work we briefly summarize the proposals of individual political entities (hereinafter parties) in individual areas economically based family policies. We supplement the summary with expert comments, which are supported by a number of research studies, including IDEA studies at CERGE-EI. Keywords: family policy; election programs; Czech Republic Fulltext is available at external website.
Jaké změny v rodinné politice slibují volební programy politických stran? Shrnutí a rozbory

V práci stručně shrnujeme návrhy jednotlivých politických subjektů (dále stran) v jednotlivých oblastech ekonomicky založené rodinné politiky. Shrnutí doplňujeme odbornými komentáři, které mají oporu ...

Ostrý, Michal; Pertold, Filip
Národohospodářský ústav, 2021

Sick pay and absence from work: evidence from flu exposure
Grossmann, Jakub
2021 - English
The system of sick-pay is critical for balancing the economic and health costs of infectious diseases. Surprisingly, most research on sick-pay reforms does not rely on variation in worker exposure to diseases when investigating absences from work. This paper studies the effects on absences from work of changes in health-insurance coverage of the first three days of sickness. We explore geographic variation in the prevalence of infectious diseases, primarily the seasonal flu, to provide variation in the need for sickness insurance. Estimates based on the Czech Structure of Earnings Survey imply that when sickness insurance is not available, total hours of work missed are not affected, but employees rely on paid and unpaid leave instead of sick-leave to stay home. The substitution effects are heterogenous across occupations and socio-demographic characteristics of employees, and suggest that workers do not spread infectious diseases at the workplace as a result of the absence of sickness insurance coverage in the first three days of sickness. Keywords: sickness insurance; exposure to sickness; policy reform Fulltext is available at external website.
Sick pay and absence from work: evidence from flu exposure

The system of sick-pay is critical for balancing the economic and health costs of infectious diseases. Surprisingly, most research on sick-pay reforms does not rely on variation in worker exposure to ...

Grossmann, Jakub
Národohospodářský ústav, 2021

Shrinkage for Gaussian and t copulas in ultra-high dimensions
Anatolyev, Stanislav; Pyrlik, Vladimir
2021 - English
Copulas are a convenient framework to synthesize joint distributions, particularly in higher dimensions. Currently, copula-based high dimensional settings are used for as many as a few hundred variables and require large data samples for estimation to be precise. In this paper, we employ shrinkage techniques for large covariance matrices in the problem of estimation of Gaussian and t copulas whose dimensionality goes well beyond that typical in the literature. Specifically, we use the covariance matrix shrinkage of Ledoit and Wolf to estimate large matrix parameters of Gaussian and t copulas for up to thousands of variables, using up to 20 times lower sample sizes. The simulation study shows that the shrinkage estimation significantly outperforms traditional estimators, both in low and especially high dimensions. We also apply this approach to the problem of allocation of large portfolios. Keywords: Gaussian copula; t copula; high dimensionality Fulltext is available at external website.
Shrinkage for Gaussian and t copulas in ultra-high dimensions

Copulas are a convenient framework to synthesize joint distributions, particularly in higher dimensions. Currently, copula-based high dimensional settings are used for as many as a few hundred ...

Anatolyev, Stanislav; Pyrlik, Vladimir
Národohospodářský ústav, 2021

Nezaměstnanost v období COVID-19
Grossmann, Jakub; Münich, Daniel
2021 - Czech
Tyto měsíční reporty stručně shrnují a popisují vývoj nezaměstnanosti v České republice v období covid-19. Pokladem jsou zejména data z Úřadu práce, zveřejňována vždy na začátku měsíce. These reports concisely summarize, describe, and comment on the evolution of unemployment in the Czech Republic during the covid-19 pandemics. The monthly reports are mainly based on the data from Czech unemployment offices and they are usually produced within one day after the data release. Keywords: COVID-19; unemployment Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Nezaměstnanost v období COVID-19

Tyto měsíční reporty stručně shrnují a popisují vývoj nezaměstnanosti v České republice v období covid-19. Pokladem jsou zejména data z Úřadu práce, zveřejňována vždy na začátku měsíce....

Grossmann, Jakub; Münich, Daniel
Národohospodářský ústav, 2021

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