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Galloping of insulated bundled overhead line - nonlinear numerical analysis in time domain
Macháček, Michael; Hračov, Stanislav
2024 - English
Our contribution focuses on a 3D numerical nonlinear analysis of galloping in a specific bundled overhead line with ice accretion. We studied the susceptibility to this self-excited oscillation, critical onset wind speeds, and global dynamic response of a very low-tensioned line with simulated icing observed on similar real conductors. Due to the highly nonlinear mechanical behavior of such a flexible cable, we employed the Newmark integration method combined with the iterative Newton-Raphson method. We analyzed two numerical models of the overhead line loaded by the wind: one assuming nonlinearity only in the wind load, while retaining the linearity of the mechanical system itself, and the other representing a fully nonlinear system including geometrical nonlinearity. Our analysis revealed that the determined critical wind speeds for the onset of galloping are in relatively close ranges for both models. However, numerical simulations with the fully nonlinear system indicated significantly lower amplitudes of limit cycle oscillations, especially at higher wind speeds, compared to the linear model of the line. This underscores the necessity of using fully nonlinear models during the design stage of such low-tensioned aerial conductors.
Keywords:
aerial bundled conductors; wind effects; galloping; limit cycle oscillation
Available in digital repository of the ASCR
Galloping of insulated bundled overhead line - nonlinear numerical analysis in time domain
Our contribution focuses on a 3D numerical nonlinear analysis of galloping in a specific bundled overhead line with ice accretion. We studied the susceptibility to this self-excited oscillation, ...
Numerical study of the steady airflow in the human respiratory system during inhaling and exhaling
Lancmanová, Anna; Bodnár, Tomáš
2024 - English
This paper presents some of the initial results of the numerical simulations of a steady turbulent flow in human upper airways during inhalation and exhalation. The mathematical model is based on the system of Reynolds-Averaged incompressible Navier-Stokes equations complemented by the SST k − ω turbulence model. The simulations were performed using finite-volume open source solver OpenFOAM on a realistic three-dimensional geometry. The main aim of this particular study is to verify the computational setup with special focus on appropriate choice and implementation of boundary conditions. The prescribed boundary conditions are chosen to mimic the physiological conditions during normal breathing cycle. This study aims to gain an insight into the airflow behavior during the inhalation and exhalation process by comparing the results of two distinct simulations corresponding to two different (opposite) flow rates . The obtained local flow rates and flow fields for both cases are presented and mutually compared. This initial work should serve as a foundation for future more complex simulations that will include the time-dependent and compressible effects.
Keywords:
human airways; incompressible Navier-Stokes; OpenFOAM
Available in digital repository of the ASCR
Numerical study of the steady airflow in the human respiratory system during inhaling and exhaling
This paper presents some of the initial results of the numerical simulations of a steady turbulent flow in human upper airways during inhalation and exhalation. The mathematical model is based on the ...
Matching to suppliers in the production network: an empirical framework
Alfaro-Ureña, A.; Zacchia, Paolo
2024 - English
This paper develops a framework for the empirical analysis of the determinants of input supplier choice on the extensive margin using firm-to-firm transaction data. Building on a theoretical model of production network formation, we characterize the assumptions that enable a transformation of the multinomial logit likelihood function from which the seller fixed effects, which encode the seller marginal costs, vanish. This transformation conditions, for each subnetwork restricted to one supplier industry, on the out-degree of sellers (a sufficient statistic for the seller fixed effect) and the in-degree of buyers (which is pinned down by technology and by “make-or-buy” decisions). This approach delivers a consistent estimator for the effect of dyadic explanatory variables, which in our model are interpreted as matching frictions, on the supplier choice probability. The estimator is easy to implement and in Monte Carlo simulations it outperforms alternatives based on group fixed effects. In an empirical application about the effect of a major Costa Rican infrastructural project on firm-to-firm connections, our approach yields estimates typically much smaller in magnitude than those from naive multinomial logit.
Keywords:
production network; supplier choice; conditional logit
Fulltext is available at external website.
Matching to suppliers in the production network: an empirical framework
This paper develops a framework for the empirical analysis of the determinants of input supplier choice on the extensive margin using firm-to-firm transaction data. Building on a theoretical model of ...
Disappearing stepping stones: technological change and career paths
Kashkarov, Daniil; Artemev, V.
2024 - English
Which career paths lead workers towards high-skilled non-routine cognitive occupations? Using PSID data, we show that, for a significant share of workers, a career path towards non-routine cognitive occupations goes through middle-skilled routine occupations, with the majority going through a subset of routine cognitive occupations. We then argue that the decline in employment in routine cognitive occupations due to routine-biased technological change can negatively affect the chances of younger cohorts joining high-skilled occupations. To test this hypothesis, we develop a structural occupational choice model that endogenously generates realistic career paths and estimate it using PSID data and job ad data from three major US outlets covering the period from 1940 to 2000. Our estimations suggest that, on average, 6% of workers ending up in non-routine cognitive occupations use routine cognitive occupations as stepping stones that allow them to maintain and accumulate human capital and experience relevant for later employment in high-skilled occupations. A fall in employment opportunities in routine cognitive occupations over the period of the most intensive routine-biased technological change led to at least 1.37 million lost high-skilled workers who got stuck in less skilled occupations.
Keywords:
routine-biased technological change; occupational choice; human capital
Fulltext is available at external website.
Disappearing stepping stones: technological change and career paths
Which career paths lead workers towards high-skilled non-routine cognitive occupations? Using PSID data, we show that, for a significant share of workers, a career path towards non-routine cognitive ...
Numerical evaluation of mass-diffusive compressible fluids flows models
Bodnár, Tomáš; Fraunié, P.
2024 - English
This contribution presents first numerical tests of some recently published alternative models for solution of viscous compressible and nearly incompressible models. All models are solved by high resolution compact finite difference scheme with strong stability preserving RungeKutta time stepping. The two simple but challenging computational test cases are presented, based on the double-periodic shear layer and the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. The obtained time-dependent flow fields are showing pronounced shear and vorticity layers being resolved by the standard as well as by the new mass-diffusive modified models. The preliminary results show that the new models are viable alternative to the well established classical models.
Keywords:
compressible Navier-Stokes; nearly incompressible flow; mass diffusion; compact finite-difference
Available in digital repository of the ASCR
Numerical evaluation of mass-diffusive compressible fluids flows models
This contribution presents first numerical tests of some recently published alternative models for solution of viscous compressible and nearly incompressible models. All models are solved by high ...
Motion of fluids in the moving domain
Nečasová, Šárka
2024 - English
It is a survay paper where the problem of the existence of weak solutions of compressible barotropic solutions in a moving bounded domain is studied.
Keywords:
compressible fluid; moving domain; weak solutions
Available in digital repository of the ASCR
Motion of fluids in the moving domain
It is a survay paper where the problem of the existence of weak solutions of compressible barotropic solutions in a moving bounded domain is studied.
Financial skills and search in the mortgage market
Cota, Marta; Šterc, Ante
2024 - English
Are households with low financial skills disadvantaged in the mortgage market? Using stochastic record linking, we construct a unique U.S. dataset encompassing a rich set of mortgage details and borrowers’ characteristics, including their objective financial literacy measure. We find that households with low financial literacy are up to 4% more likely to search less and lock in at 15-20 b.p. higher rates. Upon origination, unskilled borrowers face a 35-45% higher mortgage delinquency and end up with a 30% lower likelihood of refinancing. Overall, for a $100,000 loan, the potential losses from low financial literacy are more than $9,329 over the mortgage duration. To understand how financial education, more accessible mortgages, or mortgage rate changes affect households with low financial literacy, we formulate and calibrate a mortgage search model with heterogeneous search frictions and endogenous financial skills. Our model estimates show that search intensity and financial skill variations contribute to 55% and 10% of mortgage rate variations, respectively. We find that i) more accessible mortgages lead to a higher delinquency risk among low-skilled households, ii) financial education mitigates the adverse effects of increased accessibility, and iii) low mortgage rates favor high-skilled homeowners and, by reinforcing refinancing activity, deepen consumption differences across different financial skill levels.
Keywords:
mortgage refinancing; mortgage search; financial skills
Fulltext is available at external website.
Financial skills and search in the mortgage market
Are households with low financial skills disadvantaged in the mortgage market? Using stochastic record linking, we construct a unique U.S. dataset encompassing a rich set of mortgage details and ...
Stochastic version of the arc-length method
Náprstek, Jiří; Fischer, Cyril
2024 - English
The solution of a nonlinear algebraic system using the incremental method, based on pre-defined loading steps, fails in the vicinity of local extrema as well as around bifurcation points. The solution involved the derivation of the so-called ’Arc-Length’ method. Its essence lies in not incrementing the system parameter or any of the independent variables but rather the length of the response curve. The stochastic variant of this method allows for working with a system where system parameters include random imperfections. This contribution presents a variant that tracks the first two stochastic moments. Even in this simple case, interesting phenomena can be observed, such as the disappearance of the energy barrier against equilibrium jump due to random imperfections in the system.
Keywords:
random imperfection; stochastic arc-length method; continuation; numerical method
Available in digital repository of the ASCR
Stochastic version of the arc-length method
The solution of a nonlinear algebraic system using the incremental method, based on pre-defined loading steps, fails in the vicinity of local extrema as well as around bifurcation points. The solution ...
Acoustic emission methods in steel bridge degradation identification and monitoring
Šorm, Filip
2024 - English
Acoustic emission methods proved to be an effective diagnostic tool in many industrial sectors. The potential of this method in the field of steel bridge diagnostics is explored in this article. The goal is to find the most effective use of this method.
Keywords:
steel bridges; diagnostics; acoustic emission
Available in digital repository of the ASCR
Acoustic emission methods in steel bridge degradation identification and monitoring
Acoustic emission methods proved to be an effective diagnostic tool in many industrial sectors. The potential of this method in the field of steel bridge diagnostics is explored in this article. The ...
Temoporfin-conjugated upconversion nanoparticles for NIR-induced photodynamic therapy of pancreatic cancer
Shapoval, Oleksandr; Větvička, D.; Kabešová, M.; Engstová, Hana; Horák, Daniel
2024 - English
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a clinically approved cancer treatment strategy, has the potential to cure pancreatic cancer with minimal side effects. PDT primarily uses visible wavelengths to directly activate hydrophobic photosensitizers, which may be insufficient for deep-seated cancer cells in clinical practice due to poor penetration. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) serve as an indirect excitation source to activate photosensitizers (PSs) in the NIR region, overcoming the limitations of molecular PSs such as hydrophobicity, non-specificity, and excitation in the UV/Vis region. Here, monodisperse upconversion NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+, Fe2+ nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been surface-engineered with poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PMVEMA) and temoporfin (mTHPC), a clinically used PDT prodrug, for near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered PDT of pancreatic cancer. The incorporation of Fe2+ ions into the particles increased the fluorescence intensity in the red region matching the activation wavelength of mTHPC. Covalent binding of mTHPC to the surface of UCNP@PMVEMA particles provided colloidally stable conjugates enabling generation of singlet oxygen. In vitro cytotoxicity and photodynamic activity of the particles were evaluated using INS-1E rat insulinoma and Capan-2 and PANC-01 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. The PDT efficacy of UCNP@PMVEMA-mTHPC conjugates after irradiation with 980 nm NIR light was tested in vivo in a pilot study on Capan-2 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma growing subcutaneously in athymic nude mice. The intratumoral administration of the nanoconjugates significantly hindered tumor growth and demonstrated promising PDT efficacy against human pancreatic cancer.
Keywords:
photodynamic therapy; temoporfin; upconversion nanoparticles
Available in digital repository of the ASCR
Temoporfin-conjugated upconversion nanoparticles for NIR-induced photodynamic therapy of pancreatic cancer
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a clinically approved cancer treatment strategy, has the potential to cure pancreatic cancer with minimal side effects. PDT primarily uses visible wavelengths to directly ...
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