How to down-weight observations in robust regression: A metalearning study
Kalina, Jan; Pitra, Zbyněk
2018 - English Metalearning is becoming an increasingly important methodology for extracting knowledge from a data base of available training data sets to a new (independent) data set. The concept of metalearning is becoming popular in statistical learning and there is an increasing number of metalearning applications also in the analysis of economic data sets. Still, not much attention has been paid to its limitations and disadvantages. For this purpose, we use various linear regression estimators (including highly robust ones) over a set of 30 data sets with economic background and perform a metalearning study over them as well as over the same data sets after an artificial contamination. We focus on comparing the prediction performance of the least weighted squares estimator with various weighting schemes. A broader spectrum of classification methods is applied and a support vector machine turns out to yield the best results. While results of a leave-1-out cross validation are very different from results of autovalidation, we realize that metalearning is highly unstable and its results should be interpreted with care. We also focus on discussing all possible limitations of the metalearning methodology in general. Keywords: metalearning; robust statistics; linear regression; outliers Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR How to down-weight observations in robust regression: A metalearning study

Metalearning is becoming an increasingly important methodology for extracting knowledge from a data base of available training data sets to a new (independent) data set. The concept of metalearning is ...

Kalina, Jan; Pitra, Zbyněk
Ústav informatiky, 2018

Datová sada pro detekci dezinformačního obsahu – případová studie Novičok v Česku
Řimnáč, Martin
2018 - Czech Publikování dezinformací na webu hraje stále větší roli, proto vyvstává otázka, jak takovému obsahu čelit, a nebo na jeho potenciální závadnost alespoň upozornit. Propaganda využívá dezinformací k relativizaci skutečností, jejichž popis se snaží většinou nepřímo zpochybnit. Příspěvek formou případové studie v konkrétní kauze formálně popisuje výroky prezentované v článcích publikovaných na webu a to včetně účelu jejich publikování, všímá si některých zajímavých aspektů prezentovaných dezinformací a hledá model pro jejich popis. Cílem příspěvku je informovat o vznikající datové sadě a ilustrovat základní použité dezinformační techniky včetně důsledků jejich použití. The paper presents a case study of the propaganda usage on a real cause of double agent Sergei Skripal. The formal model describing statements published in web articles is announced and particular interesting aspects of used disinformation are provided together with the reasons, why the disinformation is published. The paper is aimed at the presentation of the data collection to have been created and provides a brief discussion on the used propaganda techniques. Keywords: Dezinformace; Web; Entropie; Pravděpodobnost Fulltext is available at external website. Datová sada pro detekci dezinformačního obsahu – případová studie Novičok v Česku

Publikování dezinformací na webu hraje stále větší roli, proto vyvstává otázka, jak takovému obsahu čelit, a nebo na jeho potenciální závadnost alespoň upozornit. Propaganda využívá dezinformací k ...

Řimnáč, Martin
Ústav informatiky, 2018

Robust Metalearning: Comparing Robust Regression Using A Robust Prediction Error
Peštová, Barbora; Kalina, Jan
2018 - English The aim of this paper is to construct a classification rule for predicting the best regression estimator for a new data set based on a database of 20 training data sets. Various estimators considered here include some popular methods of robust statistics. The methodology used for constructing the classification rule can be described as metalearning. Nevertheless, standard approaches of metalearning should be robustified if working with data sets contaminated by outlying measurements (outliers). Therefore, our contribution can be also described as robustification of the metalearning process by using a robust prediction error. In addition to performing the metalearning study by means of both standard and robust approaches, we search for a detailed interpretation in two particular situations. The results of detailed investigation show that the knowledge obtained by a metalearning approach standing on standard principles is prone to great variability and instability, which makes it hard to believe that the results are not just a consequence of a mere chance. Such aspect of metalearning seems not to have been previously analyzed in literature. Keywords: metalearning; robust regression; outliers; robust prediction error Fulltext is available at external website. Robust Metalearning: Comparing Robust Regression Using A Robust Prediction Error

The aim of this paper is to construct a classification rule for predicting the best regression estimator for a new data set based on a database of 20 training data sets. Various estimators considered ...

Peštová, Barbora; Kalina, Jan
Ústav informatiky, 2018

Návrh integrovaného emisního procesoru nové generace
Resler, Jaroslav; Juruš, Pavel; Benešová, N.; Vlček, O.; Belda, M.; Huszár, P.; Krč, Pavel; Eben, Kryštof
2017 - Czech V podstatě jediným rozšířeným a veřejně dostupným nástrojem pro modelování emisí pro potřeby CTM je procesor SMOKE (Coats & Carlie, 1996). Problém modelu SMOKE ovšem je v jeho silné vazbě na podmínky USA. V minulosti došlo k několika pokusům uzpůsobit model SMOKE jiným podmínkám - viz např. práce reportované v Bieser et al., 2011 nebo Borge et al., 2008, úsilí ovšem vždy naráželo na limity designu tohoto emisního procesoru. Naším cílem je vyvinout emisní procesor založený na otevřených technologiích, který bude komfortní pro typické využití v CTM v našich podmínkách a který bude dostatečně flexibilní, aby byl snadno konfigurovatelný a nastavitelný i pro ostatní uživatele ve světě a jejich specifické potřeby. The only publicly available and widely used tool for emission modelling for CTM is the processor SMOKE (Coats & Carlie, 1996), but its usage is limited by its strong dependence on conditions of USA. A few attempts to adjust SMOKE to other conditions were made in the past - see e.g. works reported in Bieser et al., 2011 or Borge et al., 2008, but the efforts hit the limits of its design. Our goal is to develop an emission processor based on open technologies which will be easy to use for typical usage with CTM in our conditions and which will be flexible and configurable enough to serve specific needs of users in other countries over the world. Keywords: emission model; CTM; postgresql; postgis; inventory Available at various institutes of the ASCR Návrh integrovaného emisního procesoru nové generace

V podstatě jediným rozšířeným a veřejně dostupným nástrojem pro modelování emisí pro potřeby CTM je procesor SMOKE (Coats & Carlie, 1996). Problém modelu SMOKE ovšem je v jeho silné vazbě na podmínky ...

Resler, Jaroslav; Juruš, Pavel; Benešová, N.; Vlček, O.; Belda, M.; Huszár, P.; Krč, Pavel; Eben, Kryštof
Ústav informatiky, 2017

The Computational Power of Neural Networks and Representations of Numbers in Non-Integer Bases.
Šíma, Jiří
2017 - English We briefly survey the basic concepts and results concerning the computational power of neural networks which basically depends on the information content of weight parameters. In particular, recurrent neural networks with integer, rational, and arbitrary real weights are classified within the Chomsky and finer complexity hierarchies. Then we refine the analysis between integer and rational weights by investigating an intermediate model of integer-weight neural networks with an extra analog rational-weight neuron (1ANN). We show a representation theorem which characterizes the classification problems solvable by 1ANNs, by using so-called cut languages. Our analysis reveals an interesting link to an active research field on non-standard positional numeral systems with non-integer bases. Within this framework, we introduce a new concept of quasi-periodic numbers which is used to classify the computational power of 1ANNs within the Chomsky hierarchy. Keywords: neural network; Chomsky hierarchy; beta-expansion; cut language Available at various institutes of the ASCR The Computational Power of Neural Networks and Representations of Numbers in Non-Integer Bases.

We briefly survey the basic concepts and results concerning the computational power of neural networks which basically depends on the information content of weight parameters. In particular, recurrent ...

Šíma, Jiří
Ústav informatiky, 2017

An adaptive recursive multilevel approximate inverse preconditioning: Computation of the Schur complement
Kopal, Jiří; Rozložník, Miroslav; Tůma, Miroslav
2017 - English Available in digital repository of the ASCR An adaptive recursive multilevel approximate inverse preconditioning: Computation of the Schur complement

Kopal, Jiří; Rozložník, Miroslav; Tůma, Miroslav
Ústav informatiky, 2017

Exact Inference In Robust Econometrics under Heteroscedasticity
Kalina, Jan; Peštová, Barbora
2017 - English The paper is devoted to the least weighted squares estimator, which is one of highly robust estimators for the linear regression model. Novel permutation tests of heteroscedasticity are proposed. Also the asymptotic behavior of the permutation test statistics of the Goldfeld-Quandt and Breusch-Pagan tests is investigated. A numerical experiment on real economic data is presented, which also shows how to perform a robust prediction model under heteroscedasticity. Theoretical results may be simply extended to the context of multivariate quantiles Keywords: heteroscedasticity; robust statistics; regression; diagnostic tools; economic data Fulltext is available at external website. Exact Inference In Robust Econometrics under Heteroscedasticity

The paper is devoted to the least weighted squares estimator, which is one of highly robust estimators for the linear regression model. Novel permutation tests of heteroscedasticity are proposed. Also ...

Kalina, Jan; Peštová, Barbora
Ústav informatiky, 2017

On the Optimization of Initial Conditions for a Model Parameter Estimation
Matonoha, Ctirad; Papáček, Š.; Kindermann, S.
2017 - English The design of an experiment, e.g., the setting of initial conditions, strongly influences the accuracy of the process of determining model parameters from data. The key concept relies on the analysis of the sensitivity of the measured output with respect to the model parameters. Based on this approach we optimize an experimental design factor, the initial condition for an inverse problem of a model parameter estimation. Our approach, although case independent, is illustrated at the FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) experimental technique. The core idea resides in the maximization of a sensitivity measure, which depends on the initial condition. Numerical experiments show that the discretized optimal initial condition attains only two values. The number of jumps between these values is inversely proportional to the value of a diffusion coefficient D (characterizing the biophysical and numerical process). The smaller value of D is, the larger number of jumps occurs. Keywords: FRAP; sensitivity analysis; optimal experimental design; parameter estimation; finite differences Available in digital repository of the ASCR On the Optimization of Initial Conditions for a Model Parameter Estimation

The design of an experiment, e.g., the setting of initial conditions, strongly influences the accuracy of the process of determining model parameters from data. The key concept relies on the analysis ...

Matonoha, Ctirad; Papáček, Š.; Kindermann, S.
Ústav informatiky, 2017

The Computational Power of Neural Networks and Representations of Numbers in Non-Integer Bases
Šíma, Jiří
2017 - English We briefly survey the basic concepts and results concerning the computational power of neural networks which basically depends on the information content of weight parameters. In particular, recurrent neural networks with integer, rational, and arbitrary real weights are classified within the Chomsky and finer complexity hierarchies. Then we refine the analysis between integer and rational weights by investigating an intermediate model of integer-weight neural networks with an extra analog rational-weight neuron (1ANN). We show a representation theorem which characterizes the classification problems solvable by 1ANNs, by using so-called cut languages. Our analysis reveals an interesting link to an active research field on non-standard positional numeral systems with non-integer bases. Within this framework, we introduce a new concept of quasi-periodic numbers which is used to classify the computational power of 1ANNs within the Chomsky hierarchy. Keywords: neural network; Chomsky hierarchy; beta-expansion; cut language Available at various institutes of the ASCR The Computational Power of Neural Networks and Representations of Numbers in Non-Integer Bases

We briefly survey the basic concepts and results concerning the computational power of neural networks which basically depends on the information content of weight parameters. In particular, recurrent ...

Šíma, Jiří
Ústav informatiky, 2017

Vývoj a ověření nového modelu tepelných poměrů městského prostředí v jemném měřítku
Resler, Jaroslav; Krč, Pavel; Belda, Michal; Juruš, Pavel; Benešová, N.; Lopata, J.; Vlček, O.; Damašková, D.; Eben, Kryštof; Derbek, P.; Maronga, P.; Kanani-Sühring, F.
2017 - Czech Naším úkolem v rámci projektu UrbanAdapt bylo kvantifikovat dopady různých scénářů rozvoje města na kvalitu ovzduší a tepelný komfort obyvatel v prostoru uličních kaňonů. Z toho vyplývá potřeba modelu, který je schopen simulovat proudění v jemném rozlišení (jednotky metrů) a dostatečně realisticky predikovat turbulence ve složitém terénu uliční sítě a v okolí budov. Takovým požadavkům vyhovují LES modely, avšak rešerše ukázala, že volně dostupný LES model, který by zároveň popisoval energetickou výměnu v městském prostředí, interakci toků energie a proudění vzduchu včetně efektů vegetace a různých vlastností městských povrchů a materiálů v praxi zatím neexistoval. Proto jsme se rozhodli rozšířit existující LES model PALM o nový modul USM (Urban Surface Model) popisující nejdůležitější procesy energetické výměny v městském prostředí. Model by ověřován proti měřením získaným IR kamerou během měřící kampaně v průběhu vlny veder v červenci 2015. The assessment of different scenarios of the city development to air quality and thermal comfort in the areas of street canyons was our main goal inside the project UrbanAdapt. It follows the need for a model which allows to simulate air flows in fine resolution of the order of meter and realistically predict turbulence in the complex terrain of streets and buildings. The LES models comply with such requirements but the review showed that there was no free available LES model which could model the energy exchange in urban environment, i.e. the interaction of energy and air flows including effects of vegetation and different properties of urban surfaces and materials. Thus we decided to extend the existing LES model PALM by a new module USM (Urban Surface Model) which describes the most important energy exchanges in the urban environment. The validation of the model was done against observations obtained by IR camera in the course of heat wave episode in July 2015. Keywords: urban surface model; PALM; LES; urban modelling; turbulent flow; energy balance; radiative transfer model; UHI Available at various institutes of the ASCR Vývoj a ověření nového modelu tepelných poměrů městského prostředí v jemném měřítku

Naším úkolem v rámci projektu UrbanAdapt bylo kvantifikovat dopady různých scénářů rozvoje města na kvalitu ovzduší a tepelný komfort obyvatel v prostoru uličních kaňonů. Z toho vyplývá potřeba ...

Resler, Jaroslav; Krč, Pavel; Belda, Michal; Juruš, Pavel; Benešová, N.; Lopata, J.; Vlček, O.; Damašková, D.; Eben, Kryštof; Derbek, P.; Maronga, P.; Kanani-Sühring, F.
Ústav informatiky, 2017