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Infants' learning of novel segments is modulated by prosody
Chládková, Kateřina; Podlipský, V.J.; Nudga, Natalia; Paillereau, Nikola; Kynčlová, Kateřina; Šimáčková, Š.
2023 - English
Young infants recognize atypical realisations of native-language speech. Later they learn words better from native-accented talkers. However, 6-month-olds preferentially listen to unfamiliar speech. We tested whether the learning of new vowels matches 6-month-olds’ listening preferences, being more effective from nonnative-accented speech. We exposed Czech six-month-olds to delexicalised utterances with consonants replaced by [f] and vowels by 405 tokens sampled from a bimodal [ɛ]-[æ] distribution, a contrast absent from Czech, and with either native or atypical rhythm. Discrimination of [ɛ]-[æ] was then tested in an alternating/non-alternating paradigm. Longer first-look duration to non-alternating than to alternating trials – indicating a learning effect – was found in infants familiarised with the novel contrast in atypical rhythm, such effect was not\ndetected after familiarisation with native rhythm. Six-month-olds thus more effectively exploit distributional information about novel vowels from non-native rhythm, which matches their previously reported preferences for listening to novel over familiar accents.
Keywords:
distributional learning; selective learning; non-native rhythm; vowels; infancy
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Infants' learning of novel segments is modulated by prosody
Young infants recognize atypical realisations of native-language speech. Later they learn words better from native-accented talkers. However, 6-month-olds preferentially listen to unfamiliar speech. ...
Vowel length in infant-directed speech: the realisation of short-long contrasts in Czech IDS
Svoboda, Michaela; Chládková, Kateřina; Kocjančič Antolík, T.; Paillereau, Nikola; Slížková, P.
2023 - English
When interacting with young children, talkers across many languages use a speech style that reflects positive affect, draws infants' attention, and supposedly facilitates language acquisition. As for the latter, a well-documented feature of infant-directed speech is an exaggeration of spectrally-cued vowel contrasts. Here we tested whether talkers exaggerate also durationally cued contrasts. Sixty-three mothers, native speakers of Czech, were recorded while playing with their infant (4- to 10-month-olds, IDS) and while speaking to an adult (ADS). The durations of the five Czech phonemically short vowels were compared to their long counterparts. Vowel duration (normalised for word duration) was longer in IDS than in ADS more for phonemically long vowels at the younger infant ages, indicating a developmentally specific early exaggeration of length contrasts in Czech infant-directed speech. The present finding suggests that in a language with phonemic length, caregivers' realisation of speech sounds may go beyond merely being longer and slower overall.
Keywords:
infant-directed speech; vowel length; development of early input; Czech
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Vowel length in infant-directed speech: the realisation of short-long contrasts in Czech IDS
When interacting with young children, talkers across many languages use a speech style that reflects positive affect, draws infants' attention, and supposedly facilitates language acquisition. As for ...
Exploring the Contribution of Isochrony-based Features to Computerized Assessment of Handwriting Disabilities
Gavenčiak, M.; Zvončák, V.; Mekyska, J.; Šafárová, Katarína; Čunek, Lukáš; Urbánek, Tomáš; Havigerová, Jana Marie; Bednářová, Jiřina; Galáž, Z.; Mucha, J.
2022 - English
Approximately 30–60 % of the time children spend in school is associated with handwriting. However, up to 30 % of them experience handwriting disabilities (HD), which lead to a decrease in their academic performance. Current HD assessment methods are not unified and show signs of subjectivity which can lead to misdiagnosis. The aim of this paper is to propose a new approach to objective HD assessment based on the principle of movement isochrony. For this purpose, we used a database of 137 children attending a primary school, who performed a transcription and dictation task, and who were associated with a BHK (Concise Evaluation Scale for Children's Handwriting) score. Employing a machine learning model, we were able to estimate this score with 18 % error. An interpretation of the model suggests that the isochrony-based features could bring new benefits to the objective assessment of HD.
Keywords:
developmental dysgraphia; handwriting difficulties; isochrony; online handwriting
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Exploring the Contribution of Isochrony-based Features to Computerized Assessment of Handwriting Disabilities
Approximately 30–60 % of the time children spend in school is associated with handwriting. However, up to 30 % of them experience handwriting disabilities (HD), which lead to a decrease in their ...
Psychological testing of minorities: Inspiration from methodology of cross-cultural psychology
Čeněk, J.; Urbánek, Tomáš
2018 - English
This presentation is focused on the problematics of psychological testing and the adaptation of psychological methods in Czech Republic. The emphasis is placed on the testing of Czech minorities. The goal of the presentation is to summarize the current state of psychological testing in Czech Republic, to indicate certain limits in the quality of Czech psychological tests, and to propose steps that could be used to improve the state. Cross-cultural psychology offers a set of principles and methods, both of qualitative and quantitative nature, which can be used not only for the evaluation of the existing psychological tests with respect to the tested populations (e. g. minorities), but also for the successful creation or adaptation of new tests.
Keywords:
adaptation of psychological methods; cultural bias; emic/etic; equivalence
Fulltext is available at external website.
Psychological testing of minorities: Inspiration from methodology of cross-cultural psychology
This presentation is focused on the problematics of psychological testing and the adaptation of psychological methods in Czech Republic. The emphasis is placed on the testing of Czech minorities. The ...
What accounts for successful aging? – A dialogical self view
Filip, Miroslav; Poláčková Šolcová, Iva
2018 - English
From the psychological perspective, older adults who are unsuccessful in aging (experiencing, for instance, depression, low well-being, or low life satisfaction) have been often considered unable to accept their own past including life losses. However, such an explanation may be too trivial. For example, an inability to accept the past may be a natural component of depressive thinking and not a separate variable that accounts for depression. Unsuccessful aging can alternatively be explained by focusing on processes of meaning construction of various aspects of one’s own life. The theory of the dialogical self describes these processes in terms of the development of an internal dialogue. An aging-successful older adult should develop a lifereviewing internal dialogue with adaptive features, such as differentiation or integration of various and often contradictory „I-positions.” Methods: Narrative analyses based on the theory of the dialogical self were applied to Life Story Interviews with 32 older adults (aged from 70 to 93 years). According to the presence of the adaptive features in narratives, various types of life-reviewing internal dialogues were identi-fied. The validity of these types was examined by their scores on the Reminiscence Function Scale (RFS). Respondents who used the respective types were compared in terms of well-being (Mood Adjective Checklist - MAC) and meaningfulness of life (Meaning in Life Questionnaire - MLQ). Results/Discussion: The narrative analysis yielded three types of life-reviewing dialogues according to how they are elaborated and adaptive: differentiated dialogue (low adaptive), progressive dialogue, and integrated dialogue (highly adaptive). The validity of these types was sup-\nported by differences on the RFS: participants with the progressive dialogue reported more frequent reminiscence activities to resolve past conflicts and to reconstruct their identity. As hy-\npothesized, scores indicating successful aging on the scales MAC and MLQ were higher in respondents with the integrated life-reviewing dialogue.
Keywords:
successful aging; dialogical self theory; narrative analysis; life review; reminiscence
Fulltext is available at external website.
What accounts for successful aging? – A dialogical self view
From the psychological perspective, older adults who are unsuccessful in aging (experiencing, for instance, depression, low well-being, or low life satisfaction) have been often considered unable to ...
Post-Communist Syndrome: a Mental Heritage. A Theoretical Framework and Empirical Findings
Klicperová-Baker, Martina; Feierabend, I.; Košťál, J.
2010 - English
The article discusses post-totalitarian symptoms and the concept of post-totalitarian syndrome which can explain mentality of some dissatisfied Eastern European citizens. The current Czech post-totalitarian conditions are analyzed in terms of specific grievances and human needs; it is suggested that the disappointed include numerous frustrated but otherwise pro-democratic citizens. Complaints focus on economic insecurity (fear of unemployment, lack of security at the old age), crime (both white collar economic and street crime), lack of overall safety and disappointment with the general decline of interpersonal relations. Although respondents found it much easier to be upset with the current circumstances than with the totalitarian past, direct questions referring to the pre-1989 police state revealed an overwhelming awareness of and frustration with it. The most intense current anger is provoked by misconduct of politicians, yet democracy as a regime is not doubted.
Keywords:
post-communism; democracy; post-communist syndrome
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Post-Communist Syndrome: a Mental Heritage. A Theoretical Framework and Empirical Findings
The article discusses post-totalitarian symptoms and the concept of post-totalitarian syndrome which can explain mentality of some dissatisfied Eastern European citizens. The current Czech ...
Effects of childhood malignancy treatment on quality of life: Preliminary results of the QOLOP project
Blatný, Marek; Kepák, T.; Vlčková, I.; Jelínek, Martin; Navrátilová, P.; Pilát, M.; Kárová, Š.; Slezáčková, Alena; Hrstková, H.; Štěrba, J.
2008 - English
Effects of childhood malignancy treatment on quality of life: preliminary results of the Qolop project.
Keywords:
childhood cancer treatment; quality of life
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Effects of childhood malignancy treatment on quality of life: Preliminary results of the QOLOP project
Effects of childhood malignancy treatment on quality of life: preliminary results of the Qolop project.
Self-Management of Teachers
Řehulka, Evžen
2007 - English
This paper with application of self-management issues to teaching, though its being developed mainly for economic environment. Self-management, taken as self-control or self-education, can become interesting and original source for studies of teaching. Within this frame an orientation research of basic school female teachers was performed; the research has shown that these teachers are able to use main ideas of self-management and they understand well goals of self-education and self-upbringing and also differences defined goals and real abilities in this area and they see the mail tasks of self-management in the field of personality development. Studie se zabývá aplikací problematiky selfmanagementu, který je rozvíjen především v ekonimickém prostředí, na učitelskou profesi. Selfmanagement chápaný jako sebeřízení, event. sebevýchova, může být zajímavým a originálním východiskem pro studium učitelství. V rámci těchto myšlenek je proveden orientační výzkum učitelek základních škol, kde se ukázalo, že učitelky jsou schopny užitečně využívat hlavních idejí selfmanagementu a uvědomují si cíle v sebevzdělávání i v sebevýchově, a rovněž diference mezi stanovenými cíly a reálnými dovednostmi v této oblasti, přičemž největší úkoly v selfmanagementu nacházejí v oblasti rozvoje osobnosti.
Keywords:
self-management; female teachers; self-education
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Self-Management of Teachers
This paper with application of self-management issues to teaching, though its being developed mainly for economic environment. Self-management, taken as self-control or self-education, can become ...
The Structure of Quality of Life in Relation to Teacher's Work Load Struktura
Řehulková, Oliva; Řehulka, Evžen
2007 - English
This study presents a preparative theoretical project that deals with evaluation of life standard and stress of teachers, and it can also produce some new results concerning other areas than only stress of teachers. The conception of the structure and basic pre-research enables us to build hypotheses and evaluate all conseQuences, which need to be accepted when clarifying the teachers´quality of life and stress. Studie představuje přípravný teoretický projekt pro zkoumání kvality života a učitelského stresu, které může přinést nové výsledky než zkoumání zdraví a učitelského stresu Postulujeme koncepci struktury kvality života a jednoduchý předvýzkum umožňuje postavit hypotézy a zvážit všechny okolnosti, které je nutno akceptovat při objasňování kvality života a učitelského stresu.
Keywords:
health; quality of life; structure of quality of life
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
The Structure of Quality of Life in Relation to Teacher's Work Load Struktura
This study presents a preparative theoretical project that deals with evaluation of life standard and stress of teachers, and it can also produce some new results concerning other areas than only ...
Linguistic Abstractness, Intergroup Bias and National Essentialism
Kouřilová, Sylvie; Geschke, D.; Finell, E.; Bilewicz, M.; Casini, A.
2007 - English
Language Abstraction, Intergroup Bias and National Essentialism is a part of an international project initiatedat the EAESP Summer School 2006 in Padova supervised by Anne Maass and Guen R. Semin. Our experimental study builds on the Linguistic Category Model (LCM) by Semin & Fiedler (1988, 1991) and itsrecent developments suggested by Carnaghi, Maass, Gresta, Bianchi, Arcuri, & Cadinu (submitted). In their research, Carnaghi et al. have shown differences in the inductive potential of nouns versus adjectives. We attempted to link their findings with intergroup attitudes and national essentialism. In four European countries, we examined whether the use of nouns versus adjectives for nationality labels of target persons has effects on intergroup bias. The use of more abstract language for the description of a target person (e.g. a Czech) should lead to stronger intergroup bias than the use of less abstract language (e.g. Czech). Based on Carnaghi and colleagues’ ideas we supposed that the link between more abstract language and stronger intergroup bias is mediated via the process of ascribing more essentialist characteristics to the target person. In the context of our research, national essentialism is defined as a belief system that is based on different components of national identity. Along with Habermas (2000), we distinguish three components of national identity: ethnic, cultural and civic. Denoting nationality with a noun (e.g. a German) should trigger a higher rate of perceived essentialism whereas using an adjective for a nationality label (e.g. German) should lead to a lower level of perceived essentialism. Tato experimentální studie navazuje na model lingvistických kategorií Semina a Fiedlera (1988, 1991) a jeho rozšíření o kategorii podstatných jmen (Carnaghi, Maass, Gresta, Bianchi, Arcuri, & Cadinu, 2008). Výzkumu Carnaghiho a kol. prokázal odlišnou míru induktivního potenciálu podstatných a přídavných jmen. V naší studii jsme propojili výsledky výzkumu o rozdílném induktivním potenciálu podstatných a přídavných jmen s problematikou meziskupinových postojů a národnostního esencialismu. Ve čtyřech evropských zemích jsme testovali, zda označení národnosti pomocí podstatných jmen způsobuje vyšší míru meziskupinového zkreslení ve prospěch vlastního národa ve srovnání s označením pomocí přídavného jména. Předpokládali jsme, že použití abstraktnější kategorie podstatných jmen (např. Čech) povede k vyšší míře vnitroskupinového favoritismu ve srovnání s použitím méně abstraktní kategorie přídavných jmen (např. český). Ve shodě s výsledky Carnaghiho a kol. jsme dále předpokládali, že vztah mezi abstraktností výrazů pro označení národnosti a meziskupinovým zkreslením je mediován národnostním esencialismem. V kontextu našeho výzkumu národnostní esencialismus definujeme jako systém přesvědčení, který je založen na různých komponentách národní identity. Ve shodě s Habermasem (2000) rozlišujeme tři komponenty národní identity: etnickou, kulturní a občanskou. Označení národnosti pomocí podstatného jména (např. Němec versus německý) implikuje vyšší míru národnostního esencialismu, který dále ovlivňuje míru vnitroskupinového zkreslení ve prospěch vlastního národa.
Keywords:
language abstraction; linguistic category model; intergroup bias, national essentialism
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Linguistic Abstractness, Intergroup Bias and National Essentialism
Language Abstraction, Intergroup Bias and National Essentialism is a part of an international project initiatedat the EAESP Summer School 2006 in Padova supervised by Anne Maass and Guen R. Semin. Our ...
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