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Platy ředitelů škol: dlouho ve stínu pozornosti
Korbel, Václav; Münich, Daniel; Smolka, Vladimír
2023 - Czech
Vedoucí pracovníci škol (ředitelé a zástupci) jsou zásadní pro kvalitu vzdělávání. Odměňování vedení základních škol (ZŠ) ale není dlouhodobě detailně monitorováno, ačkoliv odměňování ovlivňuje nejen efektivitu manažerské práce a pedagogického vedení, ale především motivace uchazečů hlásit se na tyto pozice. Pro analýzu využíváme data na úrovni jednotlivých zaměstnanců z databáze mzdových výkazů Informační systém o průměrném výdělku (ISPV) v části platové sféry za roky 2017–2021. Klasifikace používaná v ISPV neumožňuje rozlišit typy vedoucích pracovníků – ředitel/ředitelka, zástupce/zástupkyně, proto musíme data analyzovat za celou skupinu vedoucích pracovníků. Analyzujeme celkové průměrné měsíční hrubé platy, průměrnou výši odměn, variabilitu platů a faktory, které jejich výši a variabilitu ovlivňují. School leadership staff (head teachers and their deputies) are crucial to teaching quality. Pay for primary school leadership staff in the Czech Republic, however, is not closely monitored in the long term, despite the fact that pay influences the efficiency of managerial work and educational leadership and, moreover, affects potential candidates’ motivation to apply for school leadership roles. For our analysis, we use employee level data from the ISPV database of salary statements for the years 2017–2021. The classification used in the ISPV database does not enable us to distinguish between different leadership roles – head teacher vs. deputy – so our analysis looks at sets of school leadership staff as a whole. We analyse their average total gross monthly salaries, the average value of bonuses, the variability in their pay range and the factors that influence the amount of their pay and its variability.
Keywords:
school management; salaries; Czech Republic
Fulltext is available at external website.
Platy ředitelů škol: dlouho ve stínu pozornosti
Vedoucí pracovníci škol (ředitelé a zástupci) jsou zásadní pro kvalitu vzdělávání. Odměňování vedení základních škol (ZŠ) ale není dlouhodobě detailně monitorováno, ačkoliv odměňování ovlivňuje nejen ...
Kdo je nejvíce zasažen růstem cen? Rozdíly v inflaci pro různé domácnosti 2020–2023
Janský, Petr; Kolář, Daniel; Šedivý, Marek
2023 - Czech
Mezi lednem 2020 a březnem 2023 vzrostly ceny v ČR kumulativně o nebývalých 33 %. V této studii ukazujeme rozdíly v inflaci pro různé skupiny domácností. Between January 2020 and March 2023, prices in the Czech Republic rose cumulatively by an unprecedented 33%. In this study, we demonstrate the differences in price inflation experienced by different types of households.
Keywords:
price increases; households; Czech Republic
Fulltext is available at external website.
Kdo je nejvíce zasažen růstem cen? Rozdíly v inflaci pro různé domácnosti 2020–2023
Mezi lednem 2020 a březnem 2023 vzrostly ceny v ČR kumulativně o nebývalých 33 %. V této studii ukazujeme rozdíly v inflaci pro různé skupiny domácností....
The long-term impact of energy poverty and its mitigation on educational attainment: evidence from China
Martirosyan, Yervand
2023 - English
Existing studies demonstrate the short-run connection between environmental conditions and academic performance. However, the long-term effects of exposure to adverse living conditions on academic achievement remain underexplored. This study investigates the long-term impact of energy poverty, and policy interventions aimed at alleviating it, on the academic performance of Chinese schoolchildren starting from infancy. It specifically utilizes the Huai River Policy, which provides free winter heating exclusively to northern regions in China but not to adjacent southern regions. My findings suggest a significant positive influence of winter heating on schoolchildren’s academic performance, with a more pronounced effect for children born during winter months. The insights gained from this research could inform policy debates to enhance educational outcomes and human well-being.\n
Keywords:
energy poverty; academic performance; climate
Fulltext is available at external website.
The long-term impact of energy poverty and its mitigation on educational attainment: evidence from China
Existing studies demonstrate the short-run connection between environmental conditions and academic performance. However, the long-term effects of exposure to adverse living conditions on academic ...
Are subsidies to business R&D effective? Regression discontinuity evidence from the TA CR ALFA programme
Bajgar, Matěj; Srholec, Martin
2023 - English
Governments subsidise business research and experimental development (R&D) to promote development of the economy, because externalities and information asymmetries inherent to the innovation process make private funding of these activities fall short of what is socially desirable. Nevertheless, how effective such subsidies are and whether they achieve their goals is an open question that needs to be studied empirically. This study leverages the state-of-the-art method of regression discontinuity (RD) that allows us to come very close to making causal inferences about the effects of subsidies, to find out whether the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic’s (TA CR) ALFA programme stimulated new business R&D inputs, outputs, and positive economic impacts that would not have happened otherwise.
Keywords:
government subsidies; innovations; economic development
Fulltext is available at external website.
Are subsidies to business R&D effective? Regression discontinuity evidence from the TA CR ALFA programme
Governments subsidise business research and experimental development (R&D) to promote development of the economy, because externalities and information asymmetries inherent to the innovation process ...
Rozdíly nákladnosti vysokoškolského výzkumu mezi vědními oblastmi: jak moc se liší od „KENů“ ve výuce?
Srholec, Martin
2023 - Czech
Na téma nízkých mezd v oblasti sociálních a humanitních věd bylo v poslední době hodně řečeno a napsáno. Akademici proti tomu už i demonstrovali v ulicích a začalo se dokonce mluvit o stávce. Ačkoliv řešení vypadá v nedohlednu, jeden pozitivní výsledek tomu nelze upřít. Začalo se totiž konečně mluvit o tom, jestli tzv. koeficienty ekonomické náročnosti (KEN), podle kterých již třicet let rozděluje MŠMT hlavní část dotace na vysokoškolskou výuku, nepotřebují aktualizovat. Cílem této studie je porovnat rozptyl těchto KENů s rozdíly v nákladnosti akademické činnosti, která má k vysokoškolské výuce nejblíže, což je bezesporu výzkum a vývoj (VaV). Nesnažíme se spočítat nové KENy – což by bylo žádoucí, ale není v rámci nám dostupných dat a zdrojů proveditelné – nýbrž alespoň rámcově zjistit, do jaké míry se současné KENy liší od proporcí pozorovaných ve VaV. Much has been said and written recently about low wages in the social sciences and humanities. Academics have demonstrated in the streets about it, and there has even been talk of a strike. Although a solution seems to be out of sight, one positive outcome cannot be denied. Discussion has finally begun on whether the so-called „koeficienty ekonomické náročnosti“ (KEN), on the base of which the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) distributes the main part of the subsidy for teaching in higher education over the past thirty years needs to be updated. This study compares the dispersion of KENs with the differences in costs of the academic activity closest to higher education teaching, which is undoubtedly research and development (R&D). We are not attempting to recalculate the KENs - which would be desirable, but is not feasible with the data and resources available to us - but at least to approximate the extent to which current KENs differ from the costs observed in R&D.
Keywords:
social sciences and humanities; R&D; wages
Fulltext is available at external website.
Rozdíly nákladnosti vysokoškolského výzkumu mezi vědními oblastmi: jak moc se liší od „KENů“ ve výuce?
Na téma nízkých mezd v oblasti sociálních a humanitních věd bylo v poslední době hodně řečeno a napsáno. Akademici proti tomu už i demonstrovali v ulicích a začalo se dokonce mluvit o stávce. Ačkoliv ...
“Crime and punishment”? How banks anticipate and propagate global financial sanctions
Mamonov, Mikhail; Pestova, Anna; Ongena, S.
2023 - English
We study the impacts of global financial sanctions on banks and their corporate borrowers in Russia. Financial sanctions were imposed consecutively between 2014 and 2019, allowing targeted (but not-yet-sanctioned) banks to adapt their international and domestic exposures in advance. Using a staggered difference-in-differences approach with in-advance adaptation to anticipated treatment, we establish that targeted banks immediately reduced their foreign assets and actually increased their international borrowings after the first sanction announcement compared to other similar banks. We reveal that the added value of the next sanction announcements was rather limited. Despite considerable outflow of domestic private deposits, the government support prevented disorderly bank failures and resulted in credit reshuffling: the banks contracted corporate lending by 4% of GDP and increased household lending by almost the same magnitude, which mostly offset the total economic loss. Further, we introduce a two-stage treatment diffusion approach that flexibly addresses potential spillovers of the sanctions to private banks with political connections. Employing unique hand-collected board membership and bank location data, our approach shows that throughout this period, politically-connected banks were not all equally recognized as potential sanction targets. Finally, using syndicated loan data, we establish that the real negative effects of sanctions materialized only when sanctioned firms were borrowing from sanctioned banks. When borrowing from unsanctioned banks, sanctioned firms even gained in terms of employment and investment but still lost in terms of market sales pointing to a misallocation of government support.
Keywords:
staggered policy implementation; anticipation effects; treatment diffusion
Fulltext is available at external website.
“Crime and punishment”? How banks anticipate and propagate global financial sanctions
We study the impacts of global financial sanctions on banks and their corporate borrowers in Russia. Financial sanctions were imposed consecutively between 2014 and 2019, allowing targeted (but ...
The effects of government spending in segmented labor and financial markets
Stojanović, Dušan
2023 - English
This paper develops a model with high-skilled and low-skilled workers to show the expansionary effects of government spending despite large training costs for new hires. The main idea is that a fiscal stimulus induces changes in the composition of the labor force conditional on the extent of aggregate demand pressure. A period of high aggregate demand pressure is followed by a high value of forgone output as training activity causes production disruption. In this period firms decide to hire more low-skilled workers, who constitute a cheaper part of the labor force. When aggregate demand pressure is diminished, firms switch to hiring more high-skilled workers. However, the current literature considers only high-skilled workers, who tend to increase saving in government bonds to protect against poor employment prospects. In this case, the combination of weak employment prospects and the crowding-out effects of higher lump-sum taxes and government debt on private consumption and capital investment gives rise to recessionary effects. In contrast, this paper provides a model with a more realistic labor and financial market structure and suggests that countercyclical government spending in the form of government consumption and especially government investment can be used to deal with recessions.\n
Keywords:
government spending; training cost; search and match frictions
Fulltext is available at external website.
The effects of government spending in segmented labor and financial markets
This paper develops a model with high-skilled and low-skilled workers to show the expansionary effects of government spending despite large training costs for new hires. The main idea is that a fiscal ...
Sexual-orientation discrimination and biological attributions: experimental evidence from Russia
Baghumyan, Gayane
2023 - English
Understanding what drives discriminatory behavior is important in order to identify the best strategy to combat it. In this study, I exogenously manipulate participants’ beliefs about the origins of sexual orientation by providing evidence that supports biological causes of homosexuality. I employ money allocation tasks to measure discrimination. This allows me to causally identify the impact of information on discriminatory behavior. I first document the prevalence of discrimination against individuals with same-sex partners in Russia. On average, roughly 54% of participants exhibit discriminatory behavior against profiles with same-sex partners by allocating 16 percentage points less money to them. Further, the results suggest that exposure to evidence on the biological causes of homosexuality negatively affects discriminatory behavior. Participants in the treatment group allocate less money to profiles with same-sex partners, relative to participants in the baseline group. Potential rationales for this behavior could include the following: (i) the provision of information that contradicts existing beliefs might cause cognitive dissonance, triggering irritation and intensifying discriminatory tendencies, (ii) the information might foster beliefs that individuals in same-sex partnerships are fundamentally ’other’ - even at a biological level - thereby widening the perceived social gap between participants and these sexual minority groups and fostering discrimination further.
Keywords:
discrimination; information; sexual minorities
Fulltext is available at external website.
Sexual-orientation discrimination and biological attributions: experimental evidence from Russia
Understanding what drives discriminatory behavior is important in order to identify the best strategy to combat it. In this study, I exogenously manipulate participants’ beliefs about the origins of ...
Platy učitelů v roce 2022 a výhled: cesta z propasti a zase zpět
Münich, Daniel; Smolka, Vladimír
2023 - Czech
Výše relativních učitelských platů spoluurčuje atraktivitu učitelské profese a zajišťuje dostatečný zájem o profesi. Výběrovost profese, jak na straně vysokoškolské přípravy, tak během kariéry, spoluurčuje kvalitu vzdělávání. Tyto procesy se realizují dlouhodobě průběžnými příchody a odchody do a z profese a dalším vzděláváním. Proto lze dopady učitelských platů na zájem o profesi, kvalitu práce učitelů a vzdělávací výsledky země vysledovat až s dlouhodobým odstupem. The relative amounts of teachers‘ salaries helps to define the attractiveness of entering the teaching profession and can be a component in ensuring sufficient interest in the profession. Selectivity into teaching, both at entry and throughout the career, determines the quality of education. These processes are realised in the long term through continuous entries and exits from teaching, and ongoing training during the career. Therefore, the effects of teacher salaries on interest in entering the profession, the quality of teachers' work, and ultimately a country's educational outcomes can only be tracked over the long term.
Keywords:
teachers’ salaries; Czech Republic
Fulltext is available at external website.
Platy učitelů v roce 2022 a výhled: cesta z propasti a zase zpět
Výše relativních učitelských platů spoluurčuje atraktivitu učitelské profese a zajišťuje dostatečný zájem o profesi. Výběrovost profese, jak na straně vysokoškolské přípravy, tak během kariéry, ...
Máme příliš mnoho vysokoškoláků? Co lze vyčíst z celoživotních mzdových profilů
Hrendash, Taras; Jurajda, Štěpán; Münich, Daniel; Doleželová, P.; Mrázek, P.
2023 - Czech
Od počátku nového století došlo v ČR k dynamickému růstu VŠ vzdělané pracovní síly. V ČR k tomu nejdříve přispěl vznik a rozvoj soukromých vysokých škol na konci 90. let a posléze výrazné otevírání veřejných vysokých škol po roce 2005. Podíl VŠ vzdělaných ve věkové skupině 30–34 let se tak během tří dekád více než zdvojnásobil. Nemáme už v Česku z ekonomického pohledu příliš mnoho vysokoškolsky vzdělaných? Odpověď na otázku je důležitá pro rozhodování, do jaké míry by měl stát finančně či jinak podporovat další růst počtu VŠ studentů a absolventů a nakolik by měl občany k počátečnímu a celoživotnímu VŠ studiu motivovat. Odpověď je důležitá i do debaty o potřebě posílení dnes velmi nízké úrovně a rozsahu finanční podpory VŠ studentů. V předkládané studii vytváříme popisné statistiky o mzdách a platech zaměstnanců, které jsou užitečným podkladem pro diskusi o této důležité otázce. Srovnáváme vývoj úrovně mezd a platů vysokoškoláků pro kohorty narozené v letech 1960, 1970, 1980 a 1990. Tyto kohorty se výrazně liší co do zastoupení vysokoškolsky vzdělaných. Zároveň pro tyto kohorty sledujeme vývoj mzdového (platového) poměru mezi absolventy vysokých a středních škol (VŠ/SŠ), tj. procentního rozdílu průměrných, resp. mediánových mezd (platů) středoškolsky a vysokoškolsky vzdělaných zaměstnanců. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Czech Republic has experienced dynamic growth in its university-educated workforce. This trend was initially driven by the foundation and growth of private universities in the Czech Republic in the late 1990s, followed from 2005 onwards by a substantial opening-up of public universities. The share of the population aged between 30 and 34 with higher education has more than doubled over the course of three decades. From an economic perspective, do we now have too many university graduates in the Czech Republic? The answer to this question is crucial when it comes to deciding the extent to which the state should – financially or otherwise – support future growth in the numbers of university students and graduates, and how much it should encourage citizens to pursue initial or lifelong university education. The answer is also an important factor in debates about the need to increase the currently low financial support available to university students. The study we present here provides descriptive statistics about employees’ wages and salaries, which serve as a useful basis for any discussion of this important question. We compare trends in university-educated employees’ wages and salaries for cohorts born in 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990. The shares of university graduates in these cohorts differ substantially. Further, we observe trends in the earnings ratio for these cohorts between university- and secondary-educated employees, i.e., the percentage differences between the mean or median earnings of employees with higher education and those of employees with only secondary education.
Keywords:
university education; human capital; Czech Republic
Fulltext is available at external website.
Máme příliš mnoho vysokoškoláků? Co lze vyčíst z celoživotních mzdových profilů
Od počátku nového století došlo v ČR k dynamickému růstu VŠ vzdělané pracovní síly. V ČR k tomu nejdříve přispěl vznik a rozvoj soukromých vysokých škol na konci 90. let a posléze výrazné otevírání ...
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