No (235)
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In-situ measurement of particle size distribution in an agitated vessel
Kysela, Bohuš; Konfršt, Jiří; Chára, Zdeněk; Šulc, R.; Ditl, P.
2017 - English
Agitation of solid-liquid suspension or two immiscible liquids is a frequent operation in chemical and metallurgical industries (suspension/emulsion polymerization, catalytic chemical reaction, hydrometallurgical solvent extraction). The product quality, yield and economy of the processes are significantly affected by a mixing process. Prediction of mean particle/drop size and particle/drop size distribution (PSD) during the agitation is fundamental for emulsification, suspension polymerization, solid particle dispersion or crystallization. \nThe aim of this contribution is to propose a simple method of in-situ measurement of particle size distribution. The particle size measurement is based on an image analysis performed on raw image records. Evaluation method based on the best focused particles with sharp detected boundaries enhanced by the analysis of particle circularity was developed. Precise spherical mono-disperse steel and plastic particles were used to verify accuracy of evaluation method. The method has been proposed for the measurement of the time evolution of the drop size distribution in liquid-liquid dispersion in an agitated tank. The effect of droplet size distribution on the impeller speed in wateroil dispersion in agitated vessel was obtained.
Keywords:
particles; droplets; PSD; image analysis; agitated vessel
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
In-situ measurement of particle size distribution in an agitated vessel
Agitation of solid-liquid suspension or two immiscible liquids is a frequent operation in chemical and metallurgical industries (suspension/emulsion polymerization, catalytic chemical reaction, ...
Influence of land cover and altitude on soilmoisturespatio-temporal variability
Šípek, Václav; Hnilica, Jan; Tesař, Miroslav
2017 - English
An understanding of spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture is essential for studying other hydrological, biological or chemical soil processes, such as water movement, microbial activity and biogeochemical cycling (Bruckner et al., 1999, Ridolfi et al., 2003). Although the world-wide total amount of water stored in the soil profile is negligible compared to ocean and glacier storages, it represents a crucial variable concerning the water resources and agricultural management. This is valid especially in the context of ongoing shift in climate. Soil water exhibits a tremendous heterogeneity in space and time (Gomez-Plaza et al., 2000). Therefore, spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture have always been the critical issue. The spatial variability is influenced by variety of factors encompassing the topographical effect on lateral water redistribution (Williams et al., 2003), radiation (Grayson et al., 1997, Geroy et al., 2011), soil texture and structure (Famiglietti et al., 1998, Pan and Peters-Lidard, 2008), vegetation (Teuling and Troch, 2005), climate (Lawrence and Hornberger, 2007), precipitation pattern (Keim et al., 2005) and antecedent soil moisture (Rosenbaum et al., 2012). The land use influence on the soil moisture content variation is of complex a character covering several above mentioned factors. However, it is determined namely by the different vegetation cover, which results in different rates of interception and transpiration. It also strongly influences the soil hydraulic properties, i.e. hydraulic conductivity and water retention characteristics (Zhou et al, 2008). Hence, the reaction of an area to a rainfall and also the temporal variability of the soil moisture content might be influenced by the present land cover. Nevertheless, the studies comparing the influence of several land covers in the longer periods are missing. This knowledge would be valuable especially in the context of extreme climatic events that are present nowadays. In central Europe, the period of major floods (1997, 2002, 2013) was followed by serious dry spells (2003, 2011–2012, 2015) (Trnka et al., 2015). This observed hydrological extremity raised the questions of sustainable water management. One of the possible management practices in consideration is represented by the land cover changes intended to hold more water in the landscape and simultaneously to attenuate the rainfall-runoff response. Moreover, previous studies have investigated that spatial and temporal variation of soil water under a certain land use type, and drawing significant research attention is lacking on the differences of dynamics of soil water conditions under different land use types. Thus, it is necessary to understand the comparisons of the dynamics of soil water conditions under different land use types (Niu et al., 2015) The main aim of the presented study is therefore to understand the soil moisture variability in the vegetation season under four different land covers (coniferous/deciduous forest, meadow, grassland). This analysis is conducted in five consecutive years, encompassing both dry and wet periods. The influence of altitude is also studied in the coniferous forest.
Keywords:
wet years; dry years; forest; meadow; grassland; soil moisture; vegetation season
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Influence of land cover and altitude on soilmoisturespatio-temporal variability
An understanding of spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture is essential for studying other hydrological, biological or chemical soil processes, such as water movement, microbial activity and ...
18th International Conference on Transport & Sedimentation of Solid Particles
Sobota, J.; Vlasák, Pavel; Matoušek, Václav
2017 - English
The Proceedings comprise text of 50 oral contributions dealing with two-phase and multiphase flows, Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows, designing, optimization and operation of hydrotransport and pneumotransport systems, wear and corrosions, pumps and valves, sediment transport in rivers and water reservoirs, hydraulic storage of tailings, sedimentation and thickening, methods and techniques of measurement, instrumentation for laboratory, field and industrial systems.
Keywords:
two-phase flow; multiphase flow; sediment transport; sedimentation of solid particles
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
18th International Conference on Transport & Sedimentation of Solid Particles
The Proceedings comprise text of 50 oral contributions dealing with two-phase and multiphase flows, Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows, designing, optimization and operation of hydrotransport and ...
Deposition limit velocity: effect of particle size distribution
Matoušek, Václav; Visintainer, R.; Furlan, J.; McCall, G.; Sellgren, A.
2017 - English
Industrial settling slurries often consist of particles of very different sizes - the particle size distribution may cover sizes which differ with two orders of magnitude. A broad particle size distribution affects parameters of slurry flow including deposition limit velocity. We present experimental results of the deposition limit velocity collected during a comprehensive experimental campaign testing slurry flows composed of solids of different fractions in the GIW Hydraulic Laboratory in 2016. Four narrow graded fractions (carrier fluid, pseudo-homogeneous, heterogeneous, and stratified) were tested in permutations from the individual components to the complete mixture at various concentrations. The primary experiments were carried out in a 203-mm pipe, and selected corresponding experiments were repeated in a 103-mm pipe. The experimental results show that interactions among components affect the resulting deposition limit velocity in flows of broadly graded settling slurries. The effect of particle size distribution on the deposition limit velocity is not benign. The deposit velocity is not necessarily lower in a flow of slurry composed of four components than in slurry flow of one component with the highest deposit velocity from the four components. We discuss possible modifications of a deposit velocity predictive model in order to take effects of a broad particle size distribution into account.
Keywords:
settling slurry flow; deposit in pipe; four component model; mixture flow experiment
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Deposition limit velocity: effect of particle size distribution
Industrial settling slurries often consist of particles of very different sizes - the particle size distribution may cover sizes which differ with two orders of magnitude. A broad particle size ...
Concentration distribution and slip velocity of coarse-particle-water mixture in horizontal and inclined pipe sections
Vlasák, Pavel; Chára, Zdeněk; Konfršt, Jiří
2017 - English
Narrow particle size distribution basalt pebbles of mean particle size 11.5 mm conveyed by water in the pipe sections of different inclination were investigated on an experimental pipe loop of inner diameter D = 100 mm. Mixture flow-behaviour and the concentration distribution were studied in a pipe viewing section and with the application of a gamma-ray densitometer. The study refers to the effect of mixture velocity, overall concentration, and angle of pipe inclination on chord-averaged concentration profiles and local concentration maps. The study revealed that the coarse particle-water mixtures in the inclined pipe sections were significantly stratified, the solid particles moved principally close to the pipe invert, and for higher and moderate flow velocities particle saltation becomes the dominant mode of particle conveying.
Keywords:
hydraulic conveying; concentration distribution; pipe inclination; Gamma-Ray radiometry; mixture flow behaviour
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Concentration distribution and slip velocity of coarse-particle-water mixture in horizontal and inclined pipe sections
Narrow particle size distribution basalt pebbles of mean particle size 11.5 mm conveyed by water in the pipe sections of different inclination were investigated on an experimental pipe loop of inner ...
Flow of heterogeneous slurry in horizontal and inclined pipes
Vlasák, Pavel; Chára, Zdeněk; Konfršt, Jiří; Kysela, Bohuš
2017 - English
Narrow particle size distribution heterogeneous slurries were investigated on an experimental pipe loop with the horizontal and inclined pipe sections of inner diameter 100 mm. The investigation was focused on the effect of the pipe inclination, average slurry velocity and overall concentration and on the local concentration distribution, pressure drop, deposition limit and carrier liquid-particle slip velocity. The local concentration distribution was studied with the application of a gamma-ray densitometer. Mixture flow-behaviour and particles motion were investigated in a pipe viewing section. The study revealed that the heterogeneous slurries in the horizontal and inclined pipe sections were significantly stratified, the solid particles moved principally close to the pipe invert, and particle saltation becomes the dominant mode of particle conveying for higher and moderate flow velocities. Carrier liquid-particle slip velocity depends not only on the mixture velocity, but also on particle position in the pipe cross-section. The effect of pipe inclination on the frictional pressure drop in inclined pipe sections depends on mixture velocity, in ascending pipe section decreases with increasing mixture velocity and in descending pipe section the frictional pressure drop gradually decreased with increasing pipe inclination.
Keywords:
solid-liquid mixture; pipe inclination; slip velocity; mixture flow behaviour; concentration distribution
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Flow of heterogeneous slurry in horizontal and inclined pipes
Narrow particle size distribution heterogeneous slurries were investigated on an experimental pipe loop with the horizontal and inclined pipe sections of inner diameter 100 mm. The investigation was ...
The role of sonication of polyethyleneoxide solutions containing magnetic nanoparticles on morphology of nanofibrous mats
Peer, Petra; Stěnička, M.; Filip, Petr; Pizúrová, Naděžda; Babayan, V.
2017 - English
Properties of the resulting polymer nanofibers are often tailored by sonication technique applied prior or past an electrospinning process. The aim of this contribution is to evaluate morphology of nanofibrous mats formed by poly(ethylene oxide) with distributed magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) (about 20 nm in diameter) in dependence on time of sonication of the used polymer solutions. The solutions were exposed to sonication (intensity 200W, frequency 24 kHz) for 10, 30, and 60 minutes. It was shown that rheological characteristics (viscosity, storage and loss moduli) strongly depend on time of sonication (particularly phase angle) in contrast to electric conductivity and surface tension. For analysis of homogeneous distribution of MNP in polymer solution, the rheological measurements were carried out also in presence of external magnetic field. Magnetorheological efficiency (a relation of corresponding viscosities) was determined for 80, 170, and 255 mT. Consequently, changed rheological characteristics participate significantly in the process of electrospinning and resulting quality of the obtained nanofibrous mats. Qualitative changes were described by\nmeans of scanning electron microscopy (variance of mean diameter of nanofibers), transmission electron microscopy (distribution of MNP within nanofibrous mats). Static magnetic properties were determined by a vibration sample magnetometer. It was shown that even distribution of MNP in the mats can be achieved by mere sonication process without application of external magnetic field during an electrospinning process. However, time of sonication generates a degree of embedding of MNP into individual nanofibers.
Keywords:
ultrasound; poly(ethylene oxide); magnetic nanoparticles; magnetorheology; electrospinning
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
The role of sonication of polyethyleneoxide solutions containing magnetic nanoparticles on morphology of nanofibrous mats
Properties of the resulting polymer nanofibers are often tailored by sonication technique applied prior or past an electrospinning process. The aim of this contribution is to evaluate morphology of ...
Permeation of VOC vapours through carbon nanotube network membranes controlled electrically
Slobodian, P.; Říha, Pavel; Olejník, R.
2016 - English
In this letter, we report the increase of permeation rates of some typical volatile organic compounds through entangled carbon nanotube networks by an electric current. The change in the permeation rate is reversible when the\ncurrent is turned off. The permeation rise is partly probably due to Joule effect and thus increased membrane temperature and vapor pressure in the vicinity of the inlet side of membrane. However, the effects of vapor polarity and electrostatic interaction of vapors and charged nanotubes seem to be also involved and contribute to the differentiation between alcohol and carbohydrate vapors permeation.
Keywords:
electroconductive polymer mebranes; vapor permeation; electrical stimulation
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Permeation of VOC vapours through carbon nanotube network membranes controlled electrically
In this letter, we report the increase of permeation rates of some typical volatile organic compounds through entangled carbon nanotube networks by an electric current. The change in the permeation ...
Organic vapour sensing and thermoelectric properties of carbon nanotubes/ethylene-octene copolymer composites combined in a thermopile
Slobodian, P.; Říha, Pavel; Olejník, R.; Benlikaya, R.
2016 - English
A novel self-powered thermoelectric vapor sensor, whose thermogenerated voltage was modulated by chemical vapors is presented. The sensor was made of composites of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes within\nethylene-octene copolymer. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes within ethylene-octene copolymer showed that the oxidation with KMnO4 enhanced its p-type electrical conductivity and that the thermoelectric power increase was proportional to the formation of new oxygen-containing\nfunctional groups on the surface of carbon nanotubes. When this composite was subjected to a saturated vapor of either heptane (aliphatic hydrocarbon), toluene (aromatic hydrocarbon) or ethanol (alcohol), its respective relative resistance increased in average by 3.6, 1.1 and 0.05.
Keywords:
thermoelectric polymers; self-powered vapor sensor; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Organic vapour sensing and thermoelectric properties of carbon nanotubes/ethylene-octene copolymer composites combined in a thermopile
A novel self-powered thermoelectric vapor sensor, whose thermogenerated voltage was modulated by chemical vapors is presented. The sensor was made of composites of oxidized multi-walled carbon ...
Distribution of the turbulent kinetic dissipation rate in an agitated vessel
Kysela, Bohuš; Sulc, R.; Konfršt, Jiří; Chára, Zdeněk; Fořt, I.; Ditl, P.
2016 - English
The design of the agitated tanks depends on the proposed operating conditions and processes\nfor that they are used for. Namely dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy is important\nparameter for the scale-up modelling. The dissipation rate is commonly determined as integral\nvalue based on power input of the impeller, but without information about distribution inside\nthe agitated volume. The cumulative distributions of the dissipation rate within an agitated\nvessel are estimated by evaluations of the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) results,\nwhere the data was obtained from RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations) and\nLES (Large Eddy Simulations). The simulations were performed for an agitated vessel\nequipped with four baffles and stirred by a standard Rushton turbine (tank diameter 0.3 m,\nimpeller diameter 0.1 m, off-bottom clearance half of tank diameter, impeller speed 200 rpm).\nThe values of the dissipation rate from the LES calculations were approximated by computing\nthe SGS (Sub Grid Scale) dissipation rate.
Keywords:
agitated vessel; dissipation rate; kinetic energy
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Distribution of the turbulent kinetic dissipation rate in an agitated vessel
The design of the agitated tanks depends on the proposed operating conditions and processes\nfor that they are used for. Namely dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy is important\nparameter ...
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