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PREDATION PRESSURE ON ARTIFICIAL CATERPILLARS INDICATES ENEMY-REDUCED TIME AND SPACE
SEIFERT, Carlo Lutz
2019 - English
This thesis explores patterns of predation on artificial caterpillars in two neotropical lowland rainforest ecosystems. The specific aim was to test if enemy-reduced time and space does exist for physical undefended caterpillars. Our results indicated that larval Lepidoptera are capable to lower predation risk by nocturnal foraging and by avoiding habitats of high light irradiance. Thus, habitat-specific host plant choice by adult females and a timely scheduled foraging behaviour of the caterpillars could remarkably increase the survival rate of immature stages. This thesis explores patterns of predation on artificial caterpillars in two neotropical lowland rainforest ecosystems. The specific aim was to test if enemy-reduced time and space does exist for physical undefended caterpillars. Our results indicated that larval Lepidoptera are capable to lower predation risk by nocturnal foraging and by avoiding habitats of high light irradiance. Thus, habitat-specific host plant choice by adult females and a timely scheduled foraging behaviour of the caterpillars could remarkably increase the survival rate of immature stages.
Keywords:
ants; caterpillars; foraging behaviour; Lepidoptera; predators; rainforest
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
PREDATION PRESSURE ON ARTIFICIAL CATERPILLARS INDICATES ENEMY-REDUCED TIME AND SPACE
This thesis explores patterns of predation on artificial caterpillars in two neotropical lowland rainforest ecosystems. The specific aim was to test if enemy-reduced time and space does exist for ...
Fylogeografické zhodnocení hraboše východoevropské s ohledem k východokazašskému výskytu
VOLFOVÁ, Tereza
2019 - English
The Eastern European vole (Microtus mystacinus) is an arvicoline rodent distributed across northern and eastern Europe, the Balkans, Turkey, Armenia, NW and N Iran, Russia as far east as the Tobol River in W Siberia, and W and N Kazakhstan. We present a novel records from eastern Kazakhstan (the village of Dzhambul - 49 14 21.3N, 86 18 29.9E and the village of Sekisovka - 50 21 9.18N, 82 35 46.5E) based on mtDNA and we discuss implications of this findings on biogeography of eastern Kazakhstanpopulations. Marine Isotope Stage 11 is considered an important period for the diversification of the arvalis species group. In the context of our study, it is important to analyse genetically discontinuous Siberian populations, and the current distribution of M. mystacinus in new localities in eastern Kazakhstan.
Keywords:
Microtus mystacinus; Kazakhstan
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Fylogeografické zhodnocení hraboše východoevropské s ohledem k východokazašskému výskytu
The Eastern European vole (Microtus mystacinus) is an arvicoline rodent distributed across northern and eastern Europe, the Balkans, Turkey, Armenia, NW and N Iran, Russia as far east as the Tobol ...
Expressed sex ratio in populations of the moss Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Scorpidiaceae) in the Czech Republic with consideration of its cryptic species.
MANUKJANOVÁ, Alžběta
2019 - English
This thesis aims at sex expression and sex ratio in cryptic species of a rare fen moss Hamatocaulis vernicosus. The sex expression and expressed sex ratio were compared at various hierarchical levels. Additionally, micromaps of expressed sex ratio in patches at 21 localities, including 5 localities where both clades co-occur have been created. This thesis aims at sex expression and sex ratio in cryptic species of a rare fen moss Hamatocaulis vernicosus. The sex expression and expressed sex ratio were compared at various hierarchical levels. Additionally, micromaps of expressed sex ratio in patches at 21 localities, including 5 localities where both clades co-occur have been created.
Keywords:
bryophyte; cryptic species; Hamatocaulis vernicosus; reproduction; sex ratio
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Expressed sex ratio in populations of the moss Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Scorpidiaceae) in the Czech Republic with consideration of its cryptic species.
This thesis aims at sex expression and sex ratio in cryptic species of a rare fen moss Hamatocaulis vernicosus. The sex expression and expressed sex ratio were compared at various hierarchical levels. ...
Benigní helmint Hymenolepis diminuta pozitivně ovlivňuje chemicky vyvolanou kolitidu u potkaního modelu
LEVÁ, Jana
2019 - English
In this study is examined the protective effect of different life cycles stages of rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta against dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS) induced colitis in rat model. The clinical health of rats, gut microbiota and systemic inflammation was analysed. For determination of the level of inflammation and type 2 immune response of rat model was used relative gene expression of TNF, IL-1, IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10 using real-time PCR. Our results showed that colonization by immature life stages of H. diminuta before the induction of DNBS colitis reduced clinical symptoms and inflammation in rat model but did not protect rats against colitis. Type 2 immune response was detected by an increase in gene expression of IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13. The gut microbiota does not substantial role in H. diminuta-mediated protection.
Keywords:
helminth; DNBS colitis; gut microbiota; helminth therapy; Hymenolepis diminuta; IL-10; cytokines
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Benigní helmint Hymenolepis diminuta pozitivně ovlivňuje chemicky vyvolanou kolitidu u potkaního modelu
In this study is examined the protective effect of different life cycles stages of rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta against dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS) induced colitis in rat model. The ...
Ustanovení experimentálních modelů na hlodavcích pro studie Blastocystis ST1.
LHOTSKÁ, Zuzana
2019 - English
Blastocystis is a common gut protist of human spread around the globe with the prevalence ranging from 5 % to 100 %. In the past, Blastocystis was considered a pathogen participating on the clinical manifestation of intestinal inflammation such as Crohn's disease or Irritable bowel syndrome. New evidence demonstrates that Blastocystis is most probably a normal part of the gut microbiota in healthy humans and animals. So far, there is no established and commonly used in vivo experimental system for the investigation of the role of Blastocystis in health and disease. Thus, we evaluated a rat model for sustaining of a human-derived Blastocystis ST1 and assess colonization success and longevity. Because of the broad host range of Blastocystis, we compared the rat with three other rodent species to establish the reproducibility of our method. In this study, the colonization of Blastocystis ST1 was established in 100 % of the challenged outbred rats (Rattus norvegicus) and gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Colonization of the experimental rats was asymptomatic for more than one year, but Blastocystis ST1 was not possible to trans-mitted between rats. Mus musculus strain CD1 and Mastomys coucha were not susceptible to Blastocystis ST1. Thus, rats appear to be a suitable in vivo model for studies of Blastocystis ST1, as do gerbils though testing was less extensive. This work lays the foundation for experimental work on the role of Blastocystis in health and disease.
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Ustanovení experimentálních modelů na hlodavcích pro studie Blastocystis ST1.
Blastocystis is a common gut protist of human spread around the globe with the prevalence ranging from 5 % to 100 %. In the past, Blastocystis was considered a pathogen participating on the clinical ...
Genomic analysis of the evolution of phototrophy among haloalkaliphilic Rhodobacterales.
KOPEJTKA, Karel
2019 - English
This RNDr. thesis presents results of a research focussed on the evolution of phototrophy in the bacterial order Rhodobacterales. Genomes of three closely related haloalkaliphilic representatives, differing in their phototrophic capacity and oxygen preference, were sequenced. A comparative genomic analysis revealed close homology of photosynthetic proteins and similarity in photosynthesis gene organization among the studied phototrophic species. The main conclusion of the thesis is that the last common ancestor of all haloalkaliphilic members of the Rhodobacter-Rhodobaca group inside the Rhodobacterales clade was phototrophic This RNDr. thesis presents results of a research focussed on the evolution of phototrophy in the bacterial order Rhodobacterales. Genomes of three closely related haloalkaliphilic representatives, differing in their phototrophic capacity and oxygen preference, were sequenced. A comparative genomic analysis revealed close homology of photosynthetic proteins and similarity in photosynthesis gene organization among the studied phototrophic species. The main conclusion of the thesis is that the last common ancestor of all haloalkaliphilic members of the Rhodobacter-Rhodobaca group inside the Rhodobacterales clade was phototrophic
Keywords:
Anoxygenic photosynthesis; bacteriochlorophyll; horizontal gene transfer; photosynthesis gene cluster; Rhodobacteraceae.
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Genomic analysis of the evolution of phototrophy among haloalkaliphilic Rhodobacterales.
This RNDr. thesis presents results of a research focussed on the evolution of phototrophy in the bacterial order Rhodobacterales. Genomes of three closely related haloalkaliphilic representatives, ...
Isosporan oocysts in the faeces of bank voles (Myodes glareolus; Arvicolinae, Rodentia): real parasites, or pseudoparasites?
TREFANCOVÁ, Aneta
2019 - English
This study concerns clarification of the origin of infections of arvicoline rodents with Isospora spp. based on three different approaches: phylogenetic analyses of three genes (18S rRNA, COI and COIII), morphological and morphometrical analyses, and experimental infection. Field collections, parasitological examinations of samples, microscopy, DNA extraction, PCR, and computational analyses were employed during the course of this study.
Keywords:
Isospora; Cystoisospora; coccidia; rodent; vole; pseudoparasite.
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Isosporan oocysts in the faeces of bank voles (Myodes glareolus; Arvicolinae, Rodentia): real parasites, or pseudoparasites?
This study concerns clarification of the origin of infections of arvicoline rodents with Isospora spp. based on three different approaches: phylogenetic analyses of three genes (18S rRNA, COI and ...
Distribution of herbivorous fish is frozen by low temperature
VEJŘÍKOVÁ, Ivana
2019 - English
The number of herbivores in populations of ectothermic vertebrates decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes, fish consuming plant matter are exclusively omnivorous. We assess whether omnivorous fish readily shift to herbivory or whether animal prey is typically preferred. We address temperature as the key factor causing their absence at higher latitudes and discuss the potential poleward dispersion caused by climate changes. A controlled experiment illustrates that rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) readily utilize plant matter at water temperatures above 20 °C and avoid its consumption below 20 °C. Field data support these results, showing that plant matter dominates rudd diets during the summer and is absent during the spring. Utilizing cellulose requires the enzyme cellulase, which is produced by microorganisms growing at temperatures of 15-42 °C. Water temperatures at higher latitudes do not reach 15 °C year-round; at our latitude of 50°N~150 days/year. Hence, the species richness of omnivorous fish decreases dramatically above 55° latitude. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that strict herbivorous specialists have developed only in the tropics. Temperatures below 15 °C, even for a short time period, inactivate cellulase and cause diet limitations for omnivorous fish. However, we may expect increases in herbivory at higher latitudes caused by climate change. The number of herbivores in populations of ectothermic vertebrates decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes, fish consuming plant matter are exclusively omnivorous. We assess whether omnivorous fish readily shift to herbivory or whether animal prey is typically preferred. We address temperature as the key factor causing their absence at higher latitudes and discuss the potential poleward dispersion caused by climate changes. A controlled experiment illustrates that rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) readily utilize plant matter at water temperatures above 20 °C and avoid its consumption below 20 °C. Field data support these results, showing that plant matter dominates rudd diets during the summer and is absent during the spring. Utilizing cellulose requires the enzyme cellulase, which is produced by microorganisms growing at temperatures of 15-42 °C. Water temperatures at higher latitudes do not reach 15 °C year-round; at our latitude of 50°N~150 days/year. Hence, the species richness of omnivorous fish decreases dramatically above 55° latitude. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that strict herbivorous specialists have developed only in the tropics. Temperatures below 15 °C, even for a short time period, inactivate cellulase and cause diet limitations for omnivorous fish. However, we may expect increases in herbivory at higher latitudes caused by climate change.
Keywords:
cellulase; climate change; latitudinal gradient; macrophytes; Scardinius erythrophthalmus; temperature pattern
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Distribution of herbivorous fish is frozen by low temperature
The number of herbivores in populations of ectothermic vertebrates decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes, fish consuming plant matter are exclusively omnivorous. We assess whether ...
Improved demethylation in ecological epigenetic experiments: Testing a simple and harmless foliar demethylation application
DVOŘÁKOVÁ, Hana
2019 - English
Spray application of 5azacytidine on established plant seedlings was tested for its demethylating efficiency. It represents a novel method for plant experimental demethylation with a potentially lower negative impact on plant development compared to the traditional application of the demethylating agent through germination of seeds in its solution. Further, the 5azacytidine spray application was used in practice to erase the epigenetic memory in offspring of Taraxacum brevicorniculatum plants from different competitive conditions. The impact of parental competition on the juvenile phenotype was estimated by measuring growth related traits, while the experimental demethylation allowed for evaluating the significance of DNA methylation marks in bioticaly induced transgenerational effects in T. brevirorniculatum. Spray application of 5azacytidine on established plant seedlings was tested for its demethylating efficiency. It represents a novel method for plant experimental demethylation with a potentially lower negative impact on plant development compared to the traditional application of the demethylating agent through germination of seeds in its solution. Further, the 5azacytidine spray application was used in practice to erase the epigenetic memory in offspring of Taraxacum brevicorniculatum plants from different competitive conditions. The impact of parental competition on the juvenile phenotype was estimated by measuring growth related traits, while the experimental demethylation allowed for evaluating the significance of DNA methylation marks in bioticaly induced transgenerational effects in T. brevirorniculatum.
Keywords:
5-azacytidine; competition; demethylation; DNA methylation; ecological epigenetics; ecology; plant memory; plant performance; toxicity; transgenerational effects
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Improved demethylation in ecological epigenetic experiments: Testing a simple and harmless foliar demethylation application
Spray application of 5azacytidine on established plant seedlings was tested for its demethylating efficiency. It represents a novel method for plant experimental demethylation with a potentially lower ...
Antimicrobial and antiborrelial characterization of Dermacentor marginatus defensin.
CHRUDIMSKÁ, Tereza
2019 - English
Klíšťata, jakožto krev-sající členovci, mohou přenášet různé patogenní mikroorganismy. Imunitní systém klíšťat zahrnuje mnoho antimikrobiálních molekul, které se účinně podílejí na jejich eliminaci. Jednou ze skupin antimikrobiálních látek jsou defensiny, 5,3 kDa velké peptidy, které hrají významnou roli v rychlé imunitní reakci. V této práci jsme testovali antimikrobiální spektrum defensinu klíštěte Dermacentor marginatus (def DM)s přihlédnutím k faktu, že americké příbuzné klíště Dermacentor variabilis není schopno přenášet onemocnění způsobené spirochetami lymeské boreliózy. Exprese genu pro deDM byla detekována v hemolymfě, ve střevě a ve slinných žlázách. Následně byl nativní defensin isolován z hemolymfy pomocí RP-HPLC a jeho sekvence aminokyselin byla ověřena pomocí hmotnostní spektrometrie a Edmanovou degradací. Syntetický peptid defDM vykazoval antimikrobiální aktivity proti Gram-pozitivním bakteriím a spirochétám Borrelia afzelii. Tyto výsledky naznačují, že by se mohli defensiny podílet na eliminaci borelií přijatých při sání klíštětem D. marginatus. Ticks, as blood sucking arthropods, are able to transmit various pathogens. Their immune system involves many antimicrobial molecules to fight against them. Among these antimicrobials, defensins, a 5.3 kDa peptides, play an important role in rapid immune answer. In this study we examined the antimicrobial spectrum of Dermacentor marginatus defensin (def DM) with respect to the fact that Dermacentor variabilis ticks are not able to successfully maintain and transmit Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Expression of the def DM gene was detected in hemolymph, midgut and salivary glands. Defensin was isolated from hemolymph using RP-HPLC and its sequence was determined by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. Synthetic mature peptide def DM revealed an anti-Gram-positive bacterial role as well as borreliacidal activity, with concentration dependent influence. These results suggest a possible role in the clearing of borrelia spirochetes ingested by D. marginatus ticks.
Keywords:
klíště; Dermacentor; lymeská borelióza; antimikrobiální peptidy; přirozená imunita
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Antimicrobial and antiborrelial characterization of Dermacentor marginatus defensin.
Klíšťata, jakožto krev-sající členovci, mohou přenášet různé patogenní mikroorganismy. Imunitní systém klíšťat zahrnuje mnoho antimikrobiálních molekul, které se účinně podílejí na jejich eliminaci. ...
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