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Mrazové indexy v chladném půlroce na území České republiky
Zahradníček, Pavel; Rožnovský, J.; Brzezina, J.; Štěpánek, Petr; Farda, Aleš; Chuchma, F.; Potopová, V.
2017 - Czech
Největší škody vyvolávají poklesy minimální teploty vzduchu na mimořádně nízké hodnoty. V současné změně klimatu se projevuje růst teplot vzduchu i v zimě, ale tento fakt se nemusí zcela odrážet v poklesu výskytu velice nízkých teplot vzduchu. Vyjádřit jednoduchou charakteristikou průběh teplot vzduchu v chladném období v celé jejich šíři není jednoduché. Meteorology a klimatology jsou využívány různé charakteristiky, které můžeme označit jako mrazové indexy. Cílem tohoto zpracování je analyzovat časoprostorovou změnu standardních mrazových indexů, jako je počet mrazových, ledových a arktických dnů. Jelikož tyto indexy nemusí vždy zcela vyjadřovat reakci přírody na teplotní limit, byly dále zkoumány počty dnů s minimální teplotou vzduchu pod -3, -5, -7, -10, -15 , -20 a -25°C. V posledních 15 letech (2001-2015) byl zaznamenán pokles těchto mrazových indexů oproti normálu 1961-1990, ale ne vždy jde o statisticky významný trend. Ten byl nalezen hlavně u počtu dnů s vyšší teplotní hranicí (mrazový, ledový den a minimální teplota vzduchu nad -3 až -10°C). Naopak dnů s extrémně nízkými teplotami je za rok pouze velmi málo (nebo se objevují jednou za několik let), takže zde hraje dominantní roli spíše variabilita. Součásti článku je i analýza možného vývoje do budoucnosti na základě nejnovější klimatických modelů. The dynamics of air temperatures during cold half-year to a large extent affect all human activities. Most significant damages are caused by minimum air temperatures dropping to very low values. Due to the current ongoing climate change, air temperatures in winter in general are increasing, however, this does not necessarily mean the frequency of these very low temperatures decreases. It is not easy to express the course of air temperatures during cold periods using some simple characteristic. Meteorologists and climatologists use various characteristics, which can be referred to as frost indexes. These include the number of frost, ice or arctic days. Since these indexes not always perfectly reflect reaction of the nature to a particular temperature threshold, the analysis also included number of days with minimum air temperature below -3, -5, -7, -10, -15, -20 and -25°C. In the last 15 years (2001-2015), there has been a decrease in the frost indexes in comparison to the normal period 1961-1990, this trend however, is not always statistically significant. Significant changes were found in particular in case of the number of days with a higher temperature threshold (frost, ice days and minimum air temperature above -3 to -10°C). In contrast, days with extremely low temperatures are relatively rare (sometimes only observed once in several years), so the dominant factor here is rather variability. The paper also includes an analysis of possible future development based on the most recent climatological models. Keywords: frost; typical days; trend; EURO-CORDEX; climate change Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Mrazové indexy v chladném půlroce na území České republiky

Největší škody vyvolávají poklesy minimální teploty vzduchu na mimořádně nízké hodnoty. V současné změně klimatu se projevuje růst teplot vzduchu i v zimě, ale tento fakt se nemusí zcela odrážet v ...

Zahradníček, Pavel; Rožnovský, J.; Brzezina, J.; Štěpánek, Petr; Farda, Aleš; Chuchma, F.; Potopová, V.
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2017

USE OF NORWAY SPRUCE AS ADMIXTURE IN SUBURBAN FORESTS AT LOWER ALTITUDES
Novosadová, K.; Knott, R.; Szatniewska, Justyna
2017 - English
In suburban forestry there is a need not only to manage a maximum financial result, but also to support recreational and aesthetic forest functions. Thus, these forests need professional treatments in the form of proper silvicultural methods to maintain stand stability. One of these methods is cultivation of mixed stands with Norway spruce. This study examines the mortality of spruce growing in stands in lower forest vegetation zones with time series of 50 years and the changes in biomass production in young variously mixed stands in three different vegetation zones. According to the results, it is beneficial to grow spruce in the range from 5 to 10% of admixture in stand establishment stage. Due to silvicultural treatments and inter species interactions, spruce representation in a stand may increase to 30% in the mature stands. Spruce trees tended this way in young age partly will be outcompeted by other species, but the remaining individuals will adapt to the existing environmental conditions and thus the whole stand will be more stable. Biomass production of spruce trees depends on its representation in the stand. The higher the spruce admixture, the lower will be average spruce tree biomass. The study indicated that in young stands up to 30% of spruce representation, its biomass was up to 100% greater than in spruce monocultures. Keywords: growth; climate; europe; stands; recreational forests; biomass; mortality Available at various institutes of the ASCR
USE OF NORWAY SPRUCE AS ADMIXTURE IN SUBURBAN FORESTS AT LOWER ALTITUDES

In suburban forestry there is a need not only to manage a maximum financial result, but also to support recreational and aesthetic forest functions. Thus, these forests need professional treatments in ...

Novosadová, K.; Knott, R.; Szatniewska, Justyna
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2017

Statistical analyses of Land Surface Temperature in Local Climate Zones: Case study of Brno and Prague (Czech Republic)
Geletič, Jan; Dobrovolný, Petr; Lehnert, M.
2017 - English
The classification of "local climate zones" (LCZs) emerged in urban climatology to standardize description of urban climate research sites. One of the goals of classification was to get beyond urban-rural dichotomy which enabled to study urban air temperature field in more detail. Based on empirical and modelling work LCZ have proven effective in examining intra-urban air temperature differences, however a robust examination of intra-urban land surface temperatures using the LCZ framework remains elusive. In this study a GIS-based method is used for LCZ delimitation in Prague and Brno (Czech Republic), while land surface temperatures (LSTs) derived from LANDSAT and ASTER satellite data are employed for exploring the extent to which LCZ classes discriminate with respect to LSTs. Results indicate that LCZs demonstrate the features typical of LST variability, and thus typical surface temperatures differ significantly among most LCZs. ANOVA and subsequent multiple comparison tests demonstrated that significant temperature differences between the various LCZs prevail in both cities (89.3% and 91.6% significant LST differences for Brno and Prague respectively). In general, LCZ 8 (large low-rise buildings), LCZ 10 (heavy industry) and LCZ D (low plants) are well-distinguishable, while LCZ 2 (compact midrise), LCZ 4 (open high-rise), and LCZ 9 (sparsely built-up) are less distinguishable in terms of their LST. In most of the scenes LCZ 10 (heavy industry), LCZ 2 (mid-rise buildings) and LCZ 3 (low-rise building) are the warmest and LCZ G (water bodies) and LCZ A (dense forest) are the coolest zones in term of their LST. Further studies are needed to account for observational errors (such as seasons differences or thermal anisotropy) on LCZ LST patterns. Keywords: Land Surface Temperature; Local Climate Zones; aster; landsat; Analysis of variance Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Statistical analyses of Land Surface Temperature in Local Climate Zones: Case study of Brno and Prague (Czech Republic)

The classification of "local climate zones" (LCZs) emerged in urban climatology to standardize description of urban climate research sites. One of the goals of classification was to get beyond ...

Geletič, Jan; Dobrovolný, Petr; Lehnert, M.
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2017

Využití dat z ceilometru při intepretaci vývoje koncentrací látek v ovzduší během dne
Komínková, Kateřina; Holoubek, Ivan
2017 - Czech
Pro interpretaci naměřených koncentrací látek znečišťujících atmosféru je jedním z klíčových parametrů výška mezní vrstvy atmosféry a její vývoj během dne. Planetární mezní vrstva (angl. Planetary Boundary Layer - PBL) atmosféry je široký pojem, který v sobě zahrnuje různé stavy dynamiky proudění vzduchu v části troposféry nejblíže při zemském povrchu (0 – 2 km nad povrchem), jehož bezprostřední vliv se v této oblasti projevuje. Během dne dochází v PBL ke změnám proudění. Pro měření koncentrací látek v ovzduší je velmi podstatný především vývoj (konvektivní) směšovací vrstvy (angl. Mixing Layer - ML) ve světelné části dne. Existuje řada nepřímých technik umožňujících stanovení vývoje výšky PBL, jednou z metod ednoduchou na provoz je stanovení výšky PBL na základě dat z ceilometru. Získaná data jsou ale poměrně náročná pro interpretaci. Při měření v terénu navíc nastává poměrně hodně případů, kdy hodnoty výšky PBL není možné neboť měření ceilometrem je rušeno. For the interpretation of air pollutants concentrations, the one of the key parameter is the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) evolution during a day and night. The ABL is a broad concept that includes different states of airflow dynamics in the part of troposphere closest to the Earth's surface (0-2 km above the surface), which has an effect in this area. A lot of air flow changes occur in the ABL during the day. For the measurement of substances concentrations in the air the development of mixing layer (ML) in the light part of the day is very important. A lot of ground remote sensing methods was developed for determination of ABL height during the day, one of them which can be very simply operated is to use data from ceilometer. However, the obtained outputs cannot be directly interpreted. In addition, in the case of the terrain measurements a lot of cases when ABL height values cannot be determined because the ceilometer measurement is disturbed can occur.\n\n Keywords: ceilometr; atmospheric boundary layer; mixing layer height concentration gradient; tropospheric ozone Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Využití dat z ceilometru při intepretaci vývoje koncentrací látek v ovzduší během dne

Pro interpretaci naměřených koncentrací látek znečišťujících atmosféru je jedním z klíčových parametrů výška mezní vrstvy atmosféry a její vývoj během dne. Planetární mezní vrstva (angl. Planetary ...

Komínková, Kateřina; Holoubek, Ivan
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2017

ČZU_1701
Hanuš, Jan; Fabiánek, Tomáš; Fajmon, Lukáš
2017 - Czech
Letecká hyperspektrální kampaň se souběžným laserovým snímáním povrchu nad výsypkami povrchových dolů v okolí Litvínova a Bíliny byla provedena 18. 5. 2017. Dle zadání výzkumu byly snímány dvě lokality o ploše 100 a 60km2 leteckou laboratoří Ústavu Výzkumu Globální změny AV, v.v.i. a to ve spektrálním rozsahu 380–2450nm (ve 46 a 141 pásmech), prostorovém rozlišení 0.5 a 1.25m a hustotou LiDARového mračna 4 bodů na m2. Výsledným produktem byla ortorektifikovaná mosaikovaná rastrová data v ENVI formátu (po atmosférických korekcích) a georeferencované LiDARové mračno bodů využitelné pro studium fyzicko-geografické diverzity potěžebních oblastí. Aerial hyperspectral campaign with laser scanning of surface in Litvínov and Bílina dumps area was carried out on May 18., 2017. Flying Laboratory of Imaging Systems of the Global change research institute CAS was used on two location with area of 100 and 60 km2. Surface scanning took place in the spectral range 380–2450nm (in 46 and 141 bands), spatial resolution 0.5 and 1.25m and LiDAR cloud density of 4 point per m2. The resulting product was orthocertificated raster data in ENVI format (with atmospheric correction) and georeferenced LiDAR for physical geographic diversity of the mining area studies. Keywords: hyperspectral data; raster data in ENVI format; physical geographic diversity Available at various institutes of the ASCR
ČZU_1701

Letecká hyperspektrální kampaň se souběžným laserovým snímáním povrchu nad výsypkami povrchových dolů v okolí Litvínova a Bíliny byla provedena 18. 5. 2017. Dle zadání výzkumu byly snímány dvě ...

Hanuš, Jan; Fabiánek, Tomáš; Fajmon, Lukáš
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2017

Vyškov_1705
Hanuš, Jan; Fajmon, Lukáš
2017 - Czech
Letecká kampaň Vyškov probíhala nad újezdem Březina ve dvou rozdílných letových výškách (o postorovém rozlišení rastru 0.25 a 0.5m, 0.63 a 1.25m). Data byla snímána v termínu 5.9.2017. Data byla pořízena současně třemi senzory instalovanými v Letecké hyperspektrální laboratoři Ústavu výzkumu globalní změny AV ČR, v.v.i. (ve spektrálním rozmezí od 380 do 2450 nm LiDARové mračno 8 a 4 body na m2) v průběhu jednoho přeletu. Letecká hyperspektrální kampaň Vyškov byla zaměřena na pořízení dat pro ověření maskování vojenských objektů. The airborne campaign Vyškov was carried above Březina military area in two diferent flight level (spatial resolution 0.25 and 0.5m, 0.63 and 1.25m). Flying Laboratory of Imaging Systems of Global change research institut CAS was used for aerial scanning on 5.9.2017. Airborne sensors was scanning during one flight line (spectral range from 380 to 2450nm and LiDAR with cloud density 8 and 4 points per m2). The point of interest of campaign was the acquisition of military object. Keywords: hyperspectral data scanning; acquisition of military object Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Vyškov_1705

Letecká kampaň Vyškov probíhala nad újezdem Březina ve dvou rozdílných letových výškách (o postorovém rozlišení rastru 0.25 a 0.5m, 0.63 a 1.25m). Data byla snímána v termínu 5.9.2017. Data byla ...

Hanuš, Jan; Fajmon, Lukáš
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2017

Modulation of ozone flux in a mountain spruce forest under different cloud cover
Juráň, Stanislav; Fares, S.; Urban, Otmar
2017 - English
Ozone (O3) fluxes were modelled from a concentration gradient in a Norway spruce forest at the Bílý Kříž experimental station for years 2012–2016. Daily and seasonal O3 depositions were calculated separately for days with cloudy, partly cloudy, and clear sky conditions. The hypothesis that overcast conditions modulate O3 flux in the forest ecosystem via controlled stomatal conductance is tested. Indeed, the highest stomatal conductance followed by the highest O3 deposition was found during partly cloudy and cloudy sky conditions in all seasons. Keywords: ozone; norway spruce; sky conditions; inverse lagrangian transport model Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Modulation of ozone flux in a mountain spruce forest under different cloud cover

Ozone (O3) fluxes were modelled from a concentration gradient in a Norway spruce forest at the Bílý Kříž experimental station for years 2012–2016. Daily and seasonal O3 depositions were calculated ...

Juráň, Stanislav; Fares, S.; Urban, Otmar
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2017

Influence of the chlorophylls-to-carotenoids ratio on light use efficiency estimation by optical parameters
Ač, Alexander; Kováč, Daniel; Veselovská, Petra; Večeřová, Kristýna; Klem, Karel
2017 - English
The influence is examined of changing leaf photosynthetic pigments concentrations on sensitivity of the\nphotochemical reflectance index (PRI) and ΔPRI optical parameters in relation to light use efficiency\n(LUE). Photosynthetic and leaf chlorophylls-to-carotenoids (Chl/Car) ratio changes during the growth of\nEuropean Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings were induced by altering the\nliving environment inside growth chambers. Point reflectance measurements of each individual tree were\nrecording changes in optical properties while measurements were being taken simultaneously of altering\nphotosynthesis. Based on the evaluation of 45 pairs of measurements conducted on six individual saplings,\nthe observed variability in the strength of the PRI and ΔPRI versus LUE relationships was compared to the\nresulting leaf Chl/Car ratio of each tree. Data were used to explain the influence of changing pigments on\nthe sensitivity of each individual optical parameter with regards to the LUE estimation. Keywords: chlorophylls carotenoids; light use efficiency; optical parameters Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Influence of the chlorophylls-to-carotenoids ratio on light use efficiency estimation by optical parameters

The influence is examined of changing leaf photosynthetic pigments concentrations on sensitivity of the\nphotochemical reflectance index (PRI) and ΔPRI optical parameters in relation to light use ...

Ač, Alexander; Kováč, Daniel; Veselovská, Petra; Večeřová, Kristýna; Klem, Karel
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2017

Carbon-smart forestry for building resilience to global change
Brnkalakova, S.; Kluvánková, T.; Marek, Michal V.
2017 - English
The specific role of mountain ecosystems in the carbon cycle and their importance as carbon sinks already\nhas been noted within the broader debate about climate change. There has been progress in designing\nand attempts towards implementing such mountain-specific strategies as green economies, global and regional\nconventions, frameworks, and institutions. There is still need, however, for new and integrative approaches\nto governing mountains in a sustainable and adaptive way with local and global contributions.\nThe proper institutional arrangement, adaptive forest management, and sustainable use of forest ecosystems\ncan make a substantial contribution to the well-being of local communities as well as contribute to\nmitigating global climate change by provisioning of carbon sequestration ecosystem service. This paper\nexamines how reconfiguration of social practice in forest-dependent communities can address urgent societal\nchallenges. In particular, it considers the potential of a common pool resource regime for governance\nand carbon-smart forestry in innovative management of mountain ecosystems to meet societal and natural\nchallenges. Keywords: mountain ecosystem; carbon cycle; carbon forestry Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Carbon-smart forestry for building resilience to global change

The specific role of mountain ecosystems in the carbon cycle and their importance as carbon sinks already\nhas been noted within the broader debate about climate change. There has been progress in ...

Brnkalakova, S.; Kluvánková, T.; Marek, Michal V.
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2017

Urban ecosystem services in climate change mitigation
Štecová, I.; Kluvánková, T.; Pavelka, Marian
2017 - English
Climate change and global warming rapidly affect urban residents’ well-being. More than 72% of Europeans\nlive in urban environments, and their well-being is closely related to environmental quality. How cities are\nplanned and structured can exacerbate the negative effects of climate change even as natural elements and\ngreen areas are shrinking. The impact of high temperature on human health during heat waves will be one of\nthe most serious problems associated with climate change, and especially in large urban areas. Heat islands\nare mainly due to high concentration and large areas of impermeable surfaces, low moisture, few green areas,\nand poor ventilation. We present results from measuring heat islands at two locations in Bratislava and interview\nkey actors from three cities to identify risk perception regarding climate change. Expected results aim\nto mainstream ecosystem services into spatial planning in cities in support of operationalizing microclimatic\nfunction of green infrastructure to mitigate negative impact of climate change in cities. Keywords: global warming; ecosystem services; climate change mitigation Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Urban ecosystem services in climate change mitigation

Climate change and global warming rapidly affect urban residents’ well-being. More than 72% of Europeans\nlive in urban environments, and their well-being is closely related to environmental quality. ...

Štecová, I.; Kluvánková, T.; Pavelka, Marian
Ústav výzkumu globální změny , 2017

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