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Optimally biased expertise
Ilinov, Pavel; Matveenko, A.; Senkov, Maxim; Starkov, E.
2022 - English
This paper shows that the principal can strictly benefit from delegating a decision to an agent whose opinion differs from that of the principal. We consider a “delegated expertise” problem in which the agent has an advantage in information acquisition relative to the principal, as opposed to having preexisting private information. When the principal is ex ante predisposed towards some action, it is optimal for her to hire an agent who is predisposed towards the same action, but to a smaller extent, since such an agent would acquire more information, which outweighs the bias stemming from misalignment. We show that belief misalignment between an agent and a principal is a viable instrument in delegation, performing on par with contracting and communication in a class of problems.
Keywords:
delegation; rational inattention; heterogeneous beliefs
Fulltext is available at external website.
Optimally biased expertise
This paper shows that the principal can strictly benefit from delegating a decision to an agent whose opinion differs from that of the principal. We consider a “delegated expertise” problem in which ...
Nezaměstnanost v období COVID-19: červen 2022
Grossmann, Jakub; Münich, Daniel
2022 - Czech
Dopady krize covid-19 na registrovanou nezaměstnanost již téměř nepozorujeme. Se započítáním sezónních efektů registrovaná míra nezaměstnanosti v červnu ’22 opět poklesla. Česko zůstává zemí s nejnižší mírou nezaměstnanosti v celé EU. Rozdíly v dopadech na ženy a muže, profese, vzdělanostní a věkové skupiny jsou stále přítomné, ale malé. Potenciální hrozbou pro přehřátý český pracovní trh je předpokládané podzimní zpomalení evropských ekonomik. The effects of the covid-19 crisis on registered unemployment are hardly observed anymore. Adjusted for seasonal effects, the registered unemployment rate fell again in June '22. The Czech Republic remains the country with the lowest unemployment rate in the whole EU. Differences in the impact on women and men, occupations, education and age groups are still present but small. A potential threat to the overheated Czech labour market is the projected autumn slowdown in European economies.
Keywords:
COVID-19; unemployment
Fulltext is available at external website.
Nezaměstnanost v období COVID-19: červen 2022
Dopady krize covid-19 na registrovanou nezaměstnanost již téměř nepozorujeme. Se započítáním sezónních efektů registrovaná míra nezaměstnanosti v červnu ’22 opět poklesla. Česko zůstává zemí s ...
Nezaměstnanost v období COVID-19: březen 2022
Grossmann, Jakub; Münich, Daniel
2022 - Czech
Dopady krize covid-19 na registrovanou nezaměstnanost již téměř odezněly. Odhlédnuto od sezónních efektů, obecná míra nezaměstnanosti v březnu ’22 poklesla. Česko zůstává zemí s nejnižší mírou nezaměstnanosti v celé EU. Rozdíly v dopadech na ženy a muže, profese, vzdělanostní a věkové skupiny jsou stále přítomné, ale malé.
Keywords:
COVID-19; unemployment
Fulltext is available at external website.
Nezaměstnanost v období COVID-19: březen 2022
Dopady krize covid-19 na registrovanou nezaměstnanost již téměř odezněly. Odhlédnuto od sezónních efektů, obecná míra nezaměstnanosti v březnu ’22 poklesla. Česko zůstává zemí s nejnižší mírou ...
Consequences of inconvenient information: evidence from sentencing disparities
Šoltés, Michal
2022 - English
Inconvenient information about the performance of public institutions may undermine public trust. In an experiment, I test how information about sentencing disparities among judges in the Czech Republic affects respondents’ perception of the judicial system. I find no effect on respondents’ declared institutional trust and willingness to rely on the formal judicial system. Instead, the information marginally increased respondents’ policy involvement: They became more likely to: (i) sign a petition that invites politicians to address the underlying issue, and (ii) consider fairness of the judicial system a more important policy issue. The increased interest in the petition was driven by mothers, who are arguably more sensitive to the particular treatment information in the presented case of a failure to pay alimony.
Keywords:
information disclosure; institutional trust; performance of public institutions
Fulltext is available at external website.
Consequences of inconvenient information: evidence from sentencing disparities
Inconvenient information about the performance of public institutions may undermine public trust. In an experiment, I test how information about sentencing disparities among judges in the Czech ...
Intenzita používání vyučovacích metod učiteli a jejich vztah s výsledky vzdělávání
Korbel, Václav
2022 - Czech
Jedním ze dvou hlavních cílů národní Strategie vzdělávací politiky do roku 2030+ je proměna obsahu a způsobu výuky. Větší důraz má být kladen například na skupinové aktivity, projektovou výuku, aplikaci znalostí v různých kontextech nebo badatelskou výuku. Existuje ovšem relativně málo studií analyzujících využívání různých typů vyučovacích metod učiteli na prvním stupni základní školy v České republice (ČR) a zahraničí a jejich vztah s výsledky. Tato studie využívá longitudinální data reprezentativního vzorku žáků základních škol k analýze, v jakém procentu hodin se v ČR a zahraničí využívají čtyři typy metod: 1) přednášení, 2) osvojení, 3) porozumění a 4) testování. Kromě toho se zaměřujeme na otázku, jaký vztah mají vyučovací metody s pokrokem ve čtenářských dovednostech a matematice mezi 4. a 6. ročníkem. Vyučovací metody byly sbírány od učitelů čtvrtého ročníku formou dotazníků v rámci výzkumu TIMSS 2011. Pro odhad vztahu vyučovacích metod a výsledků využíváme faktu, že žáci byli v obou ročnících testováni ve dvou předmětech. Proto můžeme odhadnout, jak se liší pokrok, když je žák mezi předměty učen jinou intenzitou metod (fixní-efekty na úrovni žáka). One of the two principal aims of the Czech Republic’s national Strategy for Education Policy up to 2030+ is to transform both the content of school curricula and the methods used to teach them. For example, greater emphasis is to be placed on group activities, project-based teaching, the application of knowledge to various contexts and enquiry-based learning. Yet, to date, rather few studies have analysed how different types of teaching methods are used by primary school teachers in the Czech Republic or at the equivalent level abroad and what impacts their use has on learning outcomes. This study uses longitudinal data from a representative sample of primary school pupils to analyse what percentage of lessons — in the Czech Republic and abroad — make use of four specific teaching approaches: 1) lecturing, 2) appropriation, 3) comprehension and 4) testing. We then look into the relationship between these teaching methods and pupils’ progress in reading skills and mathematics between the fourth and sixth years of primary school. The data on teaching methods was gathered from fourth year primary school teachers via a questionnaire as part of TIMSS 2011. To estimate the relationship between teaching methods and learning outcomes, we make use of the fact that the pupils were tested in two subjects in both years. This means that we can estimate the difference in progress made when pupils are taught using each method with greater or lesser intensity in the two subjects (pupil level fixed-effects).
Keywords:
teaching methods; learning outcomes; primary school
Fulltext is available at external website.
Intenzita používání vyučovacích metod učiteli a jejich vztah s výsledky vzdělávání
Jedním ze dvou hlavních cílů národní Strategie vzdělávací politiky do roku 2030+ je proměna obsahu a způsobu výuky. Větší důraz má být kladen například na skupinové aktivity, projektovou výuku, ...
Compliance behavior under surveillance: introduction of the video assistant referee to European football
Trestcov, Ivan
2022 - English
This paper analyzes the effect of introducing the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) to European football. First, the setting allows for decomposition of the deterrence and monitoring effects in Becker’s (1968) model of crime. Second, I estimate the deterrence effect’s spillover outside the surveillance environment. Third, I find evidence of a much under-studied learning-by-punishment effect. This paper applies the difference-in-difference strategy to show that the introduction of VAR causes a significant decrease in the number of fouls in two German football leagues. VAR had an immediate impact on severe fouls, while the effect on penalty fouls is apparent after a 12 week adjustment period. Punishment intensifies the deterrence effect as punished players commit even fewer fouls than unpunished players. Moreover, the deterrence effect persists outside of the surveillance environment, i.e., there is a spillover effect on international competitions. I show that players from countries with VAR commit fewer fouls in international competitions than other players.
Keywords:
Becker model; video assistant referee; deterrence
Fulltext is available at external website.
Compliance behavior under surveillance: introduction of the video assistant referee to European football
This paper analyzes the effect of introducing the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) to European football. First, the setting allows for decomposition of the deterrence and monitoring effects in Becker’s ...
Nárůst cen energií a zvýšení příspěvku na bydlení v lednu 2022: pomohlo to?
Pertold, Filip; Pleticha, Petr
2022 - Czech
V reakci na prudký růst cen energií, a tedy nákladů na bydlení od podzimu 2021 vláda Petra Fialy v lednu 2022 přistoupila ke zvýšení stropů – tj. normativních nákladů na bydlení. V této studii analyzujeme, jak toto opatření ovlivnilo počet domácností s nárokem na příspěvek a počet domácností, které příspěvek čerpají. This study analyzes the effects of changes in the housing benefits policy in Czechia. In response to the surge in energy prices, the Czech government increased the maximum contributions for eligible households. Although the number of households drawing the contribution rose, their share among all eligible households dropped.
Keywords:
energy prices; housing benefits; Czech Republic
Fulltext is available at external website.
Nárůst cen energií a zvýšení příspěvku na bydlení v lednu 2022: pomohlo to?
V reakci na prudký růst cen energií, a tedy nákladů na bydlení od podzimu 2021 vláda Petra Fialy v lednu 2022 přistoupila ke zvýšení stropů – tj. normativních nákladů na bydlení. V této studii ...
Energetická krize se dosud nezaměstnanosti nedotkla: blesková analýza vývoje registrované nezaměstnanosti
Grossmann, Jakub; Münich, Daniel
2022 - Czech
Dopady krize covid-19 na registrovanou nezaměstnanost již téměř odezněly. Odhlédnuto od každoročních sezónních efektů registrovaná míra nezaměstnanosti v září ’22 mírně vzrostla. Česká míra nezaměstnanosti však zůstává nejnižší v celé EU27. Rozdíly v míře nezaměstnanosti žen a mužů, profesí, podle vzdělání a věku přetrvávají. Vývoj energetické krize měl dosud na nezaměstnanost dopad minimální. The effects of the covid-19 crisis on registered unemployment have almost subsided. Excluding annual seasonal effects, the registered unemployment rate rose slightly in September '22. However, the Czech unemployment rate remains the lowest in the EU27. Gender, occupational, educational and age differences in unemployment rates persist. The development of the energy crisis has so far had a minimal impact on unemployment.
Keywords:
energy crisis; unemployment
Fulltext is available at external website.
Energetická krize se dosud nezaměstnanosti nedotkla: blesková analýza vývoje registrované nezaměstnanosti
Dopady krize covid-19 na registrovanou nezaměstnanost již téměř odezněly. Odhlédnuto od každoročních sezónních efektů registrovaná míra nezaměstnanosti v září ’22 mírně vzrostla. Česká míra ...
For God, Tsar and Fatherland? The political influence of Church
Travova, Ekaterina
2022 - English
This paper investigates the influence of the Orthodox Church network in Post-Soviet Russia on individual political preferences and election results. I use the numbers of monks and nuns from Orthodox monasteries operated in the Russian Empire before the Revolution as historical religious markers to construct a Bartik-style instrument (1991). I find that a denser Church network increases the average local approval rating for the current president and the share of votes cast for the government candidate in presidential elections. Further analysis of mechanisms shows that, today, the extending Church network is increasingly less able to attract people to attend church and to substantially increase the share of practicing believers. However, it does affect the political preferences of those who, regardless of their faith in God, self-identify as Orthodox. The potential channel for persuasion is media.
Keywords:
Orthodoxy; Church; approval
Fulltext is available at external website.
For God, Tsar and Fatherland? The political influence of Church
This paper investigates the influence of the Orthodox Church network in Post-Soviet Russia on individual political preferences and election results. I use the numbers of monks and nuns from Orthodox ...
Violent conflicts and child gender preferences of parents: evidence from Nigeria
Sargsyan, Ella
2022 - English
Identifying the impacts of conflicts and understanding the origins of gender gaps are both seemingly unrelated but crucial questions in the literature. Focusing on the gap at the intersection of these two branches of literature, this study explores whether and how longrun exposure to violent conflicts contributes to and shapes the child gender preferences of parents. I use temporal and spatial variations in conflicts in Nigeria and combine the Uppsala Conflict Data Program and the Demographic and Health Surveys Program to perform the analysis. The results show that the effect of long-run exposure to violent conflicts on stated preferences (attitudes) for boys is not homogeneous. While conflict events with low or no civilian death increase preferences for sons, violence targeted at civilians works in the opposite direction and decreases preferences for boys. I find no evidence of translating these preferences into behaviour via sex-selective abortions. Instead, evidence shows that parents use the stopping rule to achieve the desired gender composition of children. Further, analysis also indicates that, in the districts affected by conflict, parents have a positive bias towards boys in terms of their postnatal health investment.
Keywords:
gender preferences; son preference; violent conflicts
Fulltext is available at external website.
Violent conflicts and child gender preferences of parents: evidence from Nigeria
Identifying the impacts of conflicts and understanding the origins of gender gaps are both seemingly unrelated but crucial questions in the literature. Focusing on the gap at the intersection of these ...
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