Biochary - účinné sorbenty pro odstranění polutantů.
Spáčilová, Markéta; Krejčíková, Simona; Čárský, Milan; Soukup, Karel; Šolcová, Olga
2022 - Czech Rostoucí množství kontaminantů vyskytující se ve vodách je stále závažným problémem současnosti. Jednou z účinných metod odstranění těchto kontaminantů, jakými jsou různá léčiva, detergenty, ale také mikroplasty, je sorpce. Využívají se různé sorbenty ať již komerční, či laboratorně připravené jako zeolity, bentonity, aktivní uhlí a v poslední době také různé typy biocharů, které jsou připravovány pomocí pyrolýzy ze všech možných zbytků rostlinné biomasy. Jejich povrch se liší dle podmínek přípravy (max SBET kolem 300 m2/g), které jsou dále testovány při různých podmínkách na různorodých léčivech či jiných kontaminantech. Srovnávací studie různých typů biocharů spíše chybí, stejně tak jako jejich porovnání s komerčními sorbenty např. aktivním uhlím. Z těchto důvodů je tato studie zaměřená na srovnání sorpčních vlastností tří biocharů připravených z různých typů rostlinné biomasy (slunečnicové slupky, mořské makrořasy Ecklonia Maxima a sladkovodní mikrořasy Chlorella Vulgaris), jejichž sorpční vlastnosti byly porovnány s komerčním aktivním uhlím Supersorbonem. Účinnost sorbentů byla testována na diklofenaku (nesteroidní protizánětlivé a protirevmatické léčivé látce), jehož spotřeba je celosvětově enormní a běžně se nachází ve vodách, protože většina čistíren odpadních vod ho nezachytí. Všechny sorbenty vykázaly značnou účinnost, přičemž nejlepších výsledků bylo dosaženo za použití biocharu připraveného ze sladkovodní mikrořasy (95%). Jeho vysoká účinnost byla ověřena při odstranění kontaminantu triklosanu (antibakteriální a antifungální desinfekční prostředek). Pro testování byla zvolena koncentrace kontaminantů (1 ppm), která odpovídá koncentracím běžně se vyskytujícím v odpadních vodách. Na základě výsledku bylo zjištěno, že všechny připravené sorbenty jsou srovnatelně účinné s aktivním uhlím, avšak jejich příprava je ekonomicky výhodnější, protože cenu aktivního uhlí navyšuje nezbytnost následné aktivace.\n\n\n The growing amount of contaminants in the water has been a serious problem. Sorption is one of the effective methods for removal of various contaminants, such as drugs, detergents, or microplastics. Various sorbents are applied, whether commercial or laboratory prepared, as zeolites, bentonites, activated carbon and, more recently, various types of biochar, which are prepared by pyrolysis from variety of biomass residues. Their surface varies according to the preparation conditions (max SBET around 300 m2 / g) and there are tested under various conditions on variety of contaminants. Comparative studies of different types of biochar are rather lacking, similarly as their comparisons with commercial sorbents such as activated carbon.\nFor these reasons, this study aims to compare the sorption properties of three biochars prepared from different types of plant biomass (sunflower husks, seaweed Ecklonia Maxima and freshwater microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris), whose sorption properties were compared with commercial activated carbon, Supersorbon. The effectiveness of sorbents has been tested on diclofenac (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic drug) whose consumption is enormous worldwide and it is commonly found in water, owing to that most wastewater treatment plants do not capture it. All sorbents showed considerable efficiency, with the best results being obtained using a biochar prepared from freshwater microalgae (95%). Its high effectiveness has been verified in removing the contaminant triclosan (antibacterial and antifungal disinfectant). The concentration of contaminants (1 ppm) was chosen for testing, which corresponds to the concentrations commonly found in wastewater. Based on the result, it was found that all prepared sorbents are comparable effective with activated carbon, however, their preparation is more economically advantageous, because the price of activated carbon increases the need for subsequent activation. \n\n Keywords: biochar; diclofenac; contaminants Available in a digital repository NRGL Biochary - účinné sorbenty pro odstranění polutantů.

Rostoucí množství kontaminantů vyskytující se ve vodách je stále závažným problémem současnosti. Jednou z účinných metod odstranění těchto kontaminantů, jakými jsou různá léčiva, detergenty, ale také ...

Spáčilová, Markéta; Krejčíková, Simona; Čárský, Milan; Soukup, Karel; Šolcová, Olga
Ústav chemických procesů, 2022

Analysis of textile waste streams in the Czech Republic
Shtukaturova, Anastasia
2022 - English Our results confirm that the Czech Republic is not well prepared to fulfill the ambitious goals of the CEAP in respect to textile waste because of continually growing volumes of this type of the waste and hardly available official data about its production, lack of recycling technologies and obsolete waste collection system.\n Keywords: textile waste streams; analysis; new waste treatment law Available in a digital repository NRGL Analysis of textile waste streams in the Czech Republic

Our results confirm that the Czech Republic is not well prepared to fulfill the ambitious goals of the CEAP in respect to textile waste because of continually growing volumes of this type of the waste ...

Shtukaturova, Anastasia
Ústav chemických procesů, 2022

What happens to microplastics in nature
Spáčilová, Markéta
2022 - English This work was focused on preparation of microplastic particles which correspond to microplastics in the environment. The five most used plastics (polyethylene, polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene glycol terephthalate, and polystyrene) were used for preparation. Microplastics were prepared by grinding common used plastics to match the actual microplastics present in the environment as closely as possible. The shape and size of the prepared particles\nwere obtained by scanning electron microscopy. Raman and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the microplastic structures. Simultaneously, methodology to determine the amount of microplastic particles in simulated water samples was developed. Keywords: microplastic particles; raman spectroscopy; uv degradation Available in a digital repository NRGL What happens to microplastics in nature

This work was focused on preparation of microplastic particles which correspond to microplastics in the environment. The five most used plastics (polyethylene, polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene, ...

Spáčilová, Markéta
Ústav chemických procesů, 2022

Adaptive synthesis of functional amphiphilic dendrons for drug nanocarrier assembly
Edr, Antonín
2022 - English In this work, an adaptive synthesis of new type of amphiphilic dendrons for nanocarrier purposes will be presented. This methodology was applied in preparation of vast library of substrates. Keywords: symmetrical dendrons; drug nanocarrier assembly; drug delivery Available in a digital repository NRGL Adaptive synthesis of functional amphiphilic dendrons for drug nanocarrier assembly

In this work, an adaptive synthesis of new type of amphiphilic dendrons for nanocarrier purposes will be presented. This methodology was applied in preparation of vast library of substrates.

Edr, Antonín
Ústav chemických procesů, 2022

Sezónní změny stabilního izotopového složení uhlíku (Δ13C) v aerosolu a plynné fázi na předměstské stanici v Praze
Vodička, Petr; Kawamura, K.; Schwarz, Jaroslav; Ždímal, Vladimír
2022 - Czech Izotopová frakcionace mezi plynnou a aerosolovou fází je důležitým jevem při studiu atmosférických procesů. V této práci jsme zkoumali sezónní změny poměru stabilních izotopů uhlíku (δ13C) celkového uhlíku (TC, δ13CTC) a organického uhlíku rozpustného ve vodě (WSOC, δ13CWSOC) v jemných aerosolových částicích (PM2,5) a celkového uhlíku plynné fáze (TCgas, δ13CTCgas) na příměstské lokalitě v Praze. In this work, seasonal variations in the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of total carbon (TC, δ13CTC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, δ13CWSOC) in fine aerosol\nparticles (PM2.5) as well as in the total carbon of the gas phase (TCgas, δ13CTCgas) were studied. Despite the different seasonal compositions of carbonaceous aerosols, the\nisotope differences (Δδ13C) between the analyzed bulk aerosol parts and gas phases were similar during the seasons. This shows that the fractionation of stable carbon isotopes is a predominantly physical process in which the chemical composition of individual compounds in bulk aerosols does not play a major role. Keywords: atmospheric aerosol; gas phase; δ13C, seasonal variation Available in a digital repository NRGL Sezónní změny stabilního izotopového složení uhlíku (Δ13C) v aerosolu a plynné fázi na předměstské stanici v Praze

Izotopová frakcionace mezi plynnou a aerosolovou fází je důležitým jevem při studiu atmosférických procesů. V této práci jsme zkoumali sezónní změny poměru stabilních izotopů uhlíku (δ13C) celkového ...

Vodička, Petr; Kawamura, K.; Schwarz, Jaroslav; Ždímal, Vladimír
Ústav chemických procesů, 2022

The Impact of the IMO-2020 Shipping Regulation on the Atmospheric Deposition of Sulfur around the Western English Channel and the Use of the V/Ni ratio as a Shipping Marker.
Windell, L.; Bell, T.; White, C.; Schwarz, Jaroslav; Ussher, S.
2022 - English Anthropogenic aerosols are shown to have a great impact on marine ecosystems and human health, with the shipping industry contributing as a significant source of these\nemissions, and annual growth on the rise. In the marine environment, shipping emissions often dominate atmospheric deposition of sulfur. With around 70% of shipping activity\nbeing carried out within 400 km of the coast, its contribution to atmospheric sulfur is of great interest. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) introduced a regulation on\n01/01/2020 restricting global marine fuel sulfur content from 3.5% to 0.5% w/w. The vanadium/nickel (V/Ni) ratio has been widely used as a marker of shipping emissions, with the range of 2.5 to 4 indicating shipping activity. The regulation has called into question the viability of the earlier use of the V/Ni ratio. Keywords: IMO-2020 Global sulfur cap; shipping emissions; sulfur Available in a digital repository NRGL The Impact of the IMO-2020 Shipping Regulation on the Atmospheric Deposition of Sulfur around the Western English Channel and the Use of the V/Ni ratio as a Shipping Marker.

Anthropogenic aerosols are shown to have a great impact on marine ecosystems and human health, with the shipping industry contributing as a significant source of these\nemissions, and annual growth on ...

Windell, L.; Bell, T.; White, C.; Schwarz, Jaroslav; Ussher, S.
Ústav chemických procesů, 2022

NMR Aerosolomics Study of Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in Size-Resolved Particulate Matter
Horník, Štěpán; Vodička, Petr; Pokorná, Petra; Schwarz, Jaroslav; Ždímal, Vladimír; Sýkora, Jan
2022 - English Organic aerosols (OA) account for a significant fraction (10 – 90%) of atmospheric particulate matter (Hallquist et al., 2009). The composition of organic aerosols is very complex and is usually characterized by their water solubility. Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) constitute a large fraction of OA (10 – 80%) and consist of chemical species containing oxygenated functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, or carbonyl groups. NMR spectroscopy represents an alternative to commonly used techniques (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-based techniques) for WSOC analysis. Our recently introduced method, called NMR aerosolomics, allows quantitative analysis of dozens of individual compounds from different aerosol samples. An important part of the characterization of aerosols is their classification by particle size. The analysis of individual compounds in the size-resolved fractions of the WSOC class has been performed only in a few studies that focus mainly on a particular subclass of compounds or use multiple analytical techniques. Keywords: NMR; aerosolomics; organic composition Available in a digital repository NRGL NMR Aerosolomics Study of Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in Size-Resolved Particulate Matter

Organic aerosols (OA) account for a significant fraction (10 – 90%) of atmospheric particulate matter (Hallquist et al., 2009). The composition of organic aerosols is very complex and is usually ...

Horník, Štěpán; Vodička, Petr; Pokorná, Petra; Schwarz, Jaroslav; Ždímal, Vladimír; Sýkora, Jan
Ústav chemických procesů, 2022

Závislost aktivace aerosolu na meteorologických podmínkách
Zíková, Naděžda; Pokorná, Petra; Sedlák, Pavel; Ždímal, Vladimír
2022 - Czech V šesté hodnotící zprávě IPCC byla nejvyšší hodnota aerosolového forcingu připsána tzv. nepřímému aerosolovému efektu, tedy interakci mezi atmosférickým aerosolem (AA) a oblačností (Arias a kol., 2021). Tato interakce závisí na množství aktivovaných oblačných jader, což je veličina, kterou je náročné měřit i modelovat. Proto byl zkoumán vliv velikostně diferencované aktivace AA na meteorologických veličinách a jevech. Four intensive in-situ campaigns focused on aerosol-cloud interactions were performed in the autumn and spring months from Nov 2018 to Apr 2020 at Milešovka Mountain in Czechia to bring more insight into size-dependent aerosol activation and dependence on its origin for a wide variety of meteorological parameters. Most activated particles were larger than 100 nm, with a mode over 200 nm. For the description of the changes in the activation, no effect of photochemistry was found, in contrast, some dependence on relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, and liquid water content (LWC) proved to be useful. The strongest connection was found between activation and LWC. For LWC below 0.1 g/m3, in the LWC-limited regime, the LWC values and variables effecting the LWC were the main factors influencing the activation, while different parameters could have played a role at LWCs over 0.1 g/m3, in the LWC-independent regime. Keywords: atmospheric aerosols; activation; meteorological phenomena Available in a digital repository NRGL Závislost aktivace aerosolu na meteorologických podmínkách

V šesté hodnotící zprávě IPCC byla nejvyšší hodnota aerosolového forcingu připsána tzv. nepřímému aerosolovému efektu, tedy interakci mezi atmosférickým aerosolem (AA) a oblačností (Arias a kol., ...

Zíková, Naděžda; Pokorná, Petra; Sedlák, Pavel; Ždímal, Vladimír
Ústav chemických procesů, 2022

Three Years of Experience with Measurement of Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentrations Using Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter CCN-200
Moravec, Pavel; Lhotka, Radek; Ždímal, Vladimír
2022 - English Aerosol particles in the atmosphere that allow water vapor to condense and form cloud droplets are called Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN). Elevated concentrations of \nCCN tend to increase the concentration and decrease the size of droplets. This can lead to suppression of precipitation in shallow and short-lived clouds and to greater convective \noverturning and more precipitation in deep convective clouds. The response of cloud properties and precipitation processes to increasing anthropogenic aerosol concentrations represents one of the largest uncertainties in the current understanding of climate change. One of the fundamental challenges is to determine the ability of aerosol particles to act as CCN under relevant atmospheric conditions. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution in the atmosphere is essential to incorporate the effects of CCN into meteorological models of all scales, Huang et al. (2007). Long-term CCN measurements are performed at aerosol monitoring sites such as those forming ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure) network. In this paper, we present the three-year experience of measuring CCN concentrations over the National Atmospheric Observatory Košetice (NAOK), a rural background site in the Czech Republic. The first results of these measurements were presented by Mishra et al. (2022) Keywords: atmospheric aerosols; CCN; CCN concentration measurement Available in a digital repository NRGL Three Years of Experience with Measurement of Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentrations Using Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter CCN-200

Aerosol particles in the atmosphere that allow water vapor to condense and form cloud droplets are called Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN). Elevated concentrations of \nCCN tend to increase the ...

Moravec, Pavel; Lhotka, Radek; Ždímal, Vladimír
Ústav chemických procesů, 2022

Hmotnostně spektrometrické zobrazování
Vrkoslav, Vladimír; Strnad, Štěpán; Kučera, L.
2022 - Czech Available at various institutes of the ASCR Hmotnostně spektrometrické zobrazování

Vrkoslav, Vladimír; Strnad, Štěpán; Kučera, L.
Ústav organické chemie a biochemie, 2022