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Infants' learning of novel segments is modulated by prosody
Chládková, Kateřina; Podlipský, V.J.; Nudga, Natalia; Paillereau, Nikola; Kynčlová, Kateřina; Šimáčková, Š.
2023 - English
Young infants recognize atypical realisations of native-language speech. Later they learn words better from native-accented talkers. However, 6-month-olds preferentially listen to unfamiliar speech. We tested whether the learning of new vowels matches 6-month-olds’ listening preferences, being more effective from nonnative-accented speech. We exposed Czech six-month-olds to delexicalised utterances with consonants replaced by [f] and vowels by 405 tokens sampled from a bimodal [ɛ]-[æ] distribution, a contrast absent from Czech, and with either native or atypical rhythm. Discrimination of [ɛ]-[æ] was then tested in an alternating/non-alternating paradigm. Longer first-look duration to non-alternating than to alternating trials – indicating a learning effect – was found in infants familiarised with the novel contrast in atypical rhythm, such effect was not\ndetected after familiarisation with native rhythm. Six-month-olds thus more effectively exploit distributional information about novel vowels from non-native rhythm, which matches their previously reported preferences for listening to novel over familiar accents.
Keywords:
distributional learning; selective learning; non-native rhythm; vowels; infancy
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Infants' learning of novel segments is modulated by prosody
Young infants recognize atypical realisations of native-language speech. Later they learn words better from native-accented talkers. However, 6-month-olds preferentially listen to unfamiliar speech. ...
Vowel length in infant-directed speech: the realisation of short-long contrasts in Czech IDS
Svoboda, Michaela; Chládková, Kateřina; Kocjančič Antolík, T.; Paillereau, Nikola; Slížková, P.
2023 - English
When interacting with young children, talkers across many languages use a speech style that reflects positive affect, draws infants' attention, and supposedly facilitates language acquisition. As for the latter, a well-documented feature of infant-directed speech is an exaggeration of spectrally-cued vowel contrasts. Here we tested whether talkers exaggerate also durationally cued contrasts. Sixty-three mothers, native speakers of Czech, were recorded while playing with their infant (4- to 10-month-olds, IDS) and while speaking to an adult (ADS). The durations of the five Czech phonemically short vowels were compared to their long counterparts. Vowel duration (normalised for word duration) was longer in IDS than in ADS more for phonemically long vowels at the younger infant ages, indicating a developmentally specific early exaggeration of length contrasts in Czech infant-directed speech. The present finding suggests that in a language with phonemic length, caregivers' realisation of speech sounds may go beyond merely being longer and slower overall.
Keywords:
infant-directed speech; vowel length; development of early input; Czech
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Vowel length in infant-directed speech: the realisation of short-long contrasts in Czech IDS
When interacting with young children, talkers across many languages use a speech style that reflects positive affect, draws infants' attention, and supposedly facilitates language acquisition. As for ...
Exploring the Contribution of Isochrony-based Features to Computerized Assessment of Handwriting Disabilities
Gavenčiak, M.; Zvončák, V.; Mekyska, J.; Šafárová, Katarína; Čunek, Lukáš; Urbánek, Tomáš; Havigerová, Jana Marie; Bednářová, Jiřina; Galáž, Z.; Mucha, J.
2022 - English
Approximately 30–60 % of the time children spend in school is associated with handwriting. However, up to 30 % of them experience handwriting disabilities (HD), which lead to a decrease in their academic performance. Current HD assessment methods are not unified and show signs of subjectivity which can lead to misdiagnosis. The aim of this paper is to propose a new approach to objective HD assessment based on the principle of movement isochrony. For this purpose, we used a database of 137 children attending a primary school, who performed a transcription and dictation task, and who were associated with a BHK (Concise Evaluation Scale for Children's Handwriting) score. Employing a machine learning model, we were able to estimate this score with 18 % error. An interpretation of the model suggests that the isochrony-based features could bring new benefits to the objective assessment of HD.
Keywords:
developmental dysgraphia; handwriting difficulties; isochrony; online handwriting
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Exploring the Contribution of Isochrony-based Features to Computerized Assessment of Handwriting Disabilities
Approximately 30–60 % of the time children spend in school is associated with handwriting. However, up to 30 % of them experience handwriting disabilities (HD), which lead to a decrease in their ...
Connections of Posttraumatic Stress and Growth in Childhood Cancer Survivors and Their Parents
Koutná, Veronika; Blatný, Marek; Jelínek, Martin; Vobořil, Dalibor
2021 - Czech
Posttraumatic stress (PTS) and growth (PTG) have been described in both childhood cancer survivors and their parents. This study aims to analyse the parent-child connections in self- reported PTS and PTG as well as the concordance of child self-reported and parent proxy- reported PTG. The sample included 142 parent-child dyads. Both survivors and parents self- reported PTS and PTG. Parents also proxy-reported PTG in their child. Correlations were performed between self-reported measures of PTS and PTG as well as parent proxy-report of PTG in the child. Parent proxy-reports of PTG in their child are more strongly related to parental own PTG than to PTG self-reported by the child. Parental PTS and PTG are correlated, but in survivors, PTS and PTG are not related. Parent proxy-reports of PTG in their child may reflect their own PTG rather than PTG of their child. The relationship between PTG and PTS in the context of childhood cancer differs depending on the reporter (parent/child). Posttraumatický stres (PTS) i rozvoj (PTG) byl popsán u dětských onkologických pacientů i u jejich rodičů. Cílem této studie je analyzovat souvislosti mezi PTS a PTG u dětí a jejich rodičů a zjistit míru shody v posouzení PTG dětí sebeposouzením dítěte a posouzením rodiči. Soubor tvořilo 142 párů bývalých dětských onkologických pacientů a jejich rodičů, kterým byly administrovány metody zjišťující PTS a PTG. Rodiče navíc posoudili i PTG svých dětí. Korelační analýzou jsme zjišťovali vztahy mezi PTS a PTG dětí a rodičů a shodu v sebe- posouzení PTG dětmi a posouzení rodiči. Posouzení PTG dětí rodiči koreluje těsněji s PTG rodičů než s PTG udávaným dětmi. Pro PTS a PTG rodičů byl nalezen středně těsný vztah, pro PTS a PTG dětí nikoli. Posouzení PTG dětí rodiči může odrážet spíše jejich vlastní schopnost nalézt v nepříznivé události pozitiva než skutečný PTG jejich dětí. Vzájemný vztah PTS a PTG v kontextu dětské onkologie se může lišit v závislosti na zvoleném souboru (rodiče/děti).
Keywords:
posttraumatic stress; posttraumatic growth; pediatric oncology; parent-proxy report
Fulltext is available at external website.
Connections of Posttraumatic Stress and Growth in Childhood Cancer Survivors and Their Parents
Posttraumatic stress (PTS) and growth (PTG) have been described in both childhood cancer survivors and their parents. This study aims to analyse the parent-child connections in self- reported PTS and ...
Successful transformation in midlife opens possibilities of successful aging\n
Chrz, Vladimír; Poláčková Šolcová, Iva; Dubovská, Eva; Bajgarová, Z.
2021 - Czech
From the point of view of narrative psychology, the features of successful transformation are identified, which are: 1) differentiation at the level of agency, 2) constructive enactment of negative events and experiences, 3) narrative reflection and attitude of author, 4) awareness of life as a task with regard to its finiteness. These features of a successful transformation are related to the aging process. Z hlediska narativní psychologie jsou identifikovány znaky zdařilé transformace, jimiž jsou: 1) rozlišování na rovině aktérství, 2) konstruktivní ztvárnění negativních událostí a zkušeností, 3) narativní reflexe a autorský postoj, 4) vědomí života jako úkolu s ohledem na jeho konečnost. Tyto znaky úspěšné transformace jsou vztaženy k procesu stárnutí.
Keywords:
midlife; aging; successful transformation; narrative psychology
Fulltext is available at external website.
Successful transformation in midlife opens possibilities of successful aging\n
From the point of view of narrative psychology, the features of successful transformation are identified, which are: 1) differentiation at the level of agency, 2) constructive enactment of negative ...
Relationship of Posttraumatic Stress and Growth with Quality of Life in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Koutná, Veronika; Blatný, Marek; Jelínek, Martin; Vobořil, Dalibor
2021 - Czech
Childhood cancer is an event with the potential for both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG). While full PTSD is rare in childhood cancer survivors, PTG is common in this population. The relationship between posttraumatic stress (PTS) and PTG has not yet been clearly established, and the relationship between PTG and quality of life (QOL) is unclear. In a group of 188 childhood cancer survivors, we used correlation analysis to determine the relationship of PTS/PTG with specific dimensions of QOL. In the younger group (up to 12 years), the QOL correlated only with PTS, the connection with PTG was not proven. In the older group (from 13 years), QOL correlated with PTS and PTG, but correlations were stronger for PTS. The relationship between PTS and QOL was negative in both groups, the relationships between PTG and QOL in the older group was weakly positive. The relationship of PTG and successful adaptation and good QOL remains questionable. Onkologické onemocnění v dětství je událost spotenciálem pro výskyt posttraumatické stresové poruchy (PTSD) i posttraumatického rozvoje (PTG). Zatímco PTSD se u bývalých dětských onkologických pacientů vyskytuje vzácně, k PTG v této populaci dochází často. Vztah posttraumatického stresu (PTS) a PTG dosud nebyl jednoznačně prokázán a nejasná zůstává isouvislost PTG skvalitou života (QOL). Na souboru 188 bývalých dětských onkologických pacientů jsme korelační analýzou zjišťovali souvislosti PTS aPTG se specifickými dimenzemi QOL. U mladší skupiny (do 12 let) QOL korelovala pouze s PTS, souvislost s PTG prokázána nebyla. U starší skupiny (od 13 let) QOL korelovala s PTS i PTG, avšak v případě PTS byly vztahy významně těsnější. Vztah PTS a QOL byl v obou věkových skupinách negativní, vztah PTG a QOL u starší věkové skupiny byl ve všech dimenzích slabě pozitivní. Souvislost PTG s úspěšnou adaptací a dobrou QOL zůstává sporná.
Keywords:
posttraumatic stress; posttraumatic growth; quality of life; pediatric oncology
Fulltext is available at external website.
Relationship of Posttraumatic Stress and Growth with Quality of Life in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Childhood cancer is an event with the potential for both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG). While full PTSD is rare in childhood cancer survivors, PTG is common in ...
Organizational climate, competing values and employee well-being
Zábrodská, K.; Mudrák, J.; Machovcová, Kateřina; Cidlinská, Kateřina
2021 - Czech
The concept of organizational climate may facilitate an understanding of relationships between work environment and employee well-being. In the paper, we present a research project focusing on organizational climates at academic workplaces and their relationship with employee well-being. We implemented the Competing Values model as the theoretical framework and a mixed-methods research design including large-scale questionnaire study and in-depth interviews. Based on k-means cluster analysis of the questionnaire data, we identified four types of organizational climate (“self-actualizing”, “collegial”, “performance”, “fraternity”) localized in the dimensions of the Competing Values model (flexibility-control, internal-external focus). We found significant differences between the ways in which members of these types perceived their work environment and well-being. Based on the interviews we discuss some psychosocial processes taking place between different organizational climates and employee well-being. Organizační klima představuje koncept umožňující lépe porozumět vztahu mezi pracovním prostředím a „well-being“ zaměstnanců. V příspěvku prezentujeme výzkumný projekt, který se zaměřoval na organizační klima na akademických pracovištích a jeho vztah s pracovním „well-being.“ Ve výzkumu jsme vycházeli z „modelu soupeřících hodnot“ a použili smíšený výzkumný design zahrnující rozsáhlou dotazníkovou studii a hloubkové rozhovory. V kvantitativní části jsme na základě shlukové k-means analýzy identifikovali čtyři typy organizačního klimatu („sebe-aktualizující“, „kolegiální“, „výkonové“, „fraternitní“) lokalizované v dimenzích „modelu soupeřících hodnot“ (flexibilita-kontrola a externí-interní zaměření). Ty se signifikantně lišily v tom, jak odpovídající participanti vnímali své pracovní prostředí a „well-being“. Na základě hloubkových rozhovorů diskutujeme některé psychosociální procesy, prostřednictvím kterých se mohou odlišné typy klimatu podílet na utváření pracovního „well-being“.
Keywords:
work environment; higher education; job satisfaction; organizational culture
Fulltext is available at external website.
Organizational climate, competing values and employee well-being
The concept of organizational climate may facilitate an understanding of relationships between work environment and employee well-being. In the paper, we present a research project focusing on ...
Transforming life experience: proposal of a conceptual framework and approach to analysis
Chrz, Vladimír; Dubovská, Eva; Poláčková Šolcová, Iva
2020 - Czech
This contribution outlines a conceptual framework and analytic tools to be used in research of how people experience crises and growth in their middle age. The starting point is narrative hermeneutic approach. Transformative experience is treated in terms of a ‘story of change’, which emerges from narrative enactment (biographical work). Key concepts are ‘trouble’ and ‘narrative transformation’, which is what narrative does with the trouble. In analysis of crisis and growth in middle age, we employ categories of narrative analysis: transformation, agency, values and convictions, reflectivity and narrative positioning. The proposed conceptual framework and analysis are illustrated using examples from previous studies (stories of change in the course of psychotherapy). Příspěvek pojednává o konceptuálním rámci a postupu analýzy, které jsou navrženy pro výzkum prožívání krize a růstu ve středním věku. Základním rámcem je zde hermeneuticko-narativní přístup. Transformativní zkušenost je zde uchopena jako „příběh změny“, který je výsledkem narativního ztvárnění (biografické práce). Klíčovými koncepty jsou zde „potíž“ a „narativní transformace“ (co vyprávění dělá s potíží). Pro analýzu krize a růstu ve středním věku jakožto narativní transformace budou využity kategorie narativní analýzy: téma transformace, aktérství, hodnoty a přesvědčení, reflexivita a narativní pozice. Navržený konceptuální rámec a postup analýzy jsou ilustrovány pomocí příkladu z výzkumu příběhů změny v průběhu psychoterapie.
Keywords:
narrative transformation; trouble; stories of change; psychotherapy; narrative analysis
Available on request at various institutes of the ASCR
Transforming life experience: proposal of a conceptual framework and approach to analysis
This contribution outlines a conceptual framework and analytic tools to be used in research of how people experience crises and growth in their middle age. The starting point is narrative hermeneutic ...
Psychosocial functioning among people experiencing developmental transition in young adulthood
Millová, Katarína; Blatný, Marek
2019 - Czech
Theoretical background: In the research, we studied the psychosocial context of the developmental transition during young adulthood. We stem from the Arnett´s model of emerging adulthood, where we focused on the dimension of feeling „in between” (subjective developmental status). Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare young people with different subjectively perceived developmental status with respect to the characteristics of psychosocial functioning. Sample: The sample comprised 2025 university students (658 men) in emerging adulthood between 18-27 years (mean age 21.76 years) who participated in online research. Methods: In addition to subjectively perceived developmental status (feeling of immaturity – in between stage - full adulthood), we also examined emotional and social competences (SSI, Riggio & Carney, 2003), coping strategies (BriefCOPE, Carver, 1997) and planned life goals. Main findings: Young people who have subjectively experienced feeling of “in between” were different from immature and fully adult people, especially in areas of future life planning, emotional control and social sensitivity (SSI), and strategies of active coping, planning, humor, acceptance, denial, use of emotional and instrumental support, behavioral disengagement and self-blame (BriefCOPE). Teoretická východiska: Ve výzkumu jsme sledovali psychosociální souvislosti vývojové tranzice (přechodu) v průběhu mladé dospělosti. Vycházeli jsme z Arnettova modelu vynořující se dospělosti, u kterého jsme se zaměřili na dimenzi pocitů „mezi” (subjektivní vývojový status). Cíle výzkumu: Cílem studie bylo srovnání mladých lidí s různým subjektivně hodnoceným vývojovým statusem s ohledem na charakteristiky psychosociálního fungování. Výzkumný soubor: Soubor byl tvořen 2025 univerzitními studenty (658 mužů) v období vynořující se dospělosti ve věku 18 – 27 let (průměrný věk 21,76 let), kteří se zúčastnili online výzkumu. Metody: Kromě subjektivního vývojového statusu (pocit nedospělosti – mezistupně – plné dospělosti) jsme zjišťovali i emoční a sociální kompetenci (SSI, Riggio & Carney, 2003), copingové strategie (BriefCOPE, Carver, 1997) a plánované životní cíle. Hlavní zjištění: Mladí lidé, kteří subjektivně prožívali vývojový mezistupeň, se lišili od nedospělých a plně dospělých lidí především v oblastech plánování budoucího života, emoční kontroly a sociální vnímavosti (SSI) a v strategiích aktivního copingu, plánování, humoru, akceptace, popírání, užívání emoční a instrumentální opory, behaviorálního vzdání se a sebeobviňování (BriefCOPE).
Keywords:
psychosocial functioning; emerging adulthood; developmental transition
Fulltext is available at external website.
Psychosocial functioning among people experiencing developmental transition in young adulthood
Theoretical background: In the research, we studied the psychosocial context of the developmental transition during young adulthood. We stem from the Arnett´s model of emerging adulthood, where we ...
Psychological testing of minorities: Inspiration from methodology of cross-cultural psychology
Čeněk, J.; Urbánek, Tomáš
2018 - English
This presentation is focused on the problematics of psychological testing and the adaptation of psychological methods in Czech Republic. The emphasis is placed on the testing of Czech minorities. The goal of the presentation is to summarize the current state of psychological testing in Czech Republic, to indicate certain limits in the quality of Czech psychological tests, and to propose steps that could be used to improve the state. Cross-cultural psychology offers a set of principles and methods, both of qualitative and quantitative nature, which can be used not only for the evaluation of the existing psychological tests with respect to the tested populations (e. g. minorities), but also for the successful creation or adaptation of new tests.
Keywords:
adaptation of psychological methods; cultural bias; emic/etic; equivalence
Fulltext is available at external website.
Psychological testing of minorities: Inspiration from methodology of cross-cultural psychology
This presentation is focused on the problematics of psychological testing and the adaptation of psychological methods in Czech Republic. The emphasis is placed on the testing of Czech minorities. The ...
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