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Pupils’ (dis)interest in the teaching profession: an international comparison
Federičová, Miroslava
2024 - Czech
Many European countries, including the Czech Republic, currently face a shortage of teachers, especially quality teachers. One possible solution to this would be to support aspiring teachers at a younger age, during their studies at primary and secondary school. This study provides an empirical overview of teaching aspirations among 15-year-old school pupils in European countries based on data from the international PISA survey. Mnoho evropských zemí včetně Česka se v současnosti potýká s nedostatkem učitelů, těch kvalitních obzvlášť. Jedním z řešení je podpora učitelských profesních aspirací už u mladých během jejich studia na základní a střední škole. Tato studie empiricky mapuje učitelské aspirace v evropských zemích mezi 15letými žáky na základě dat z mezinárodního šetření PISA.
Keywords:
teachers; teaching aspirations; international comparison
Fulltext is available at external website.
Pupils’ (dis)interest in the teaching profession: an international comparison
Many European countries, including the Czech Republic, currently face a shortage of teachers, especially quality teachers. One possible solution to this would be to support aspiring teachers at a ...
Collective vs. family remembrance: evidence from two Russian betrayals
Gharibyan, Sinara
2024 - English
Is family or collective remembrance of the distant past more powerful in shaping current behavior? To answer this question, I link two historical episodes from Armenian history separated by a century. During both World War I (WWI) and the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Russia was anticipated to provide military support to Armenia, its ally, but failed to do so. I demonstrate that the memories of the first Russian betrayal were activated after the second war. I identify family memory of the first betrayal using distinct West Armenian (Ottoman Armenian) surnames and proxy collective memory through locations renamed to commemorate lost Armenian localities during WWI. The difference-in-differences (DiD) approach shows that both family and collective remembrance negatively affect pro-Russian parties’ vote share, with all the conventional assumptions of DiD verified. Family remembrance influences behavior through traumatic recall, whereas collective remembrance operates via social capital.
Keywords:
collective memory; family remembrance; voting
Fulltext is available at external website.
Collective vs. family remembrance: evidence from two Russian betrayals
Is family or collective remembrance of the distant past more powerful in shaping current behavior? To answer this question, I link two historical episodes from Armenian history separated by a century. ...
Matching to suppliers in the production network: an empirical framework
Alfaro-Ureña, A.; Zacchia, Paolo
2024 - English
This paper develops a framework for the empirical analysis of the determinants of input supplier choice on the extensive margin using firm-to-firm transaction data. Building on a theoretical model of production network formation, we characterize the assumptions that enable a transformation of the multinomial logit likelihood function from which the seller fixed effects, which encode the seller marginal costs, vanish. This transformation conditions, for each subnetwork restricted to one supplier industry, on the out-degree of sellers (a sufficient statistic for the seller fixed effect) and the in-degree of buyers (which is pinned down by technology and by “make-or-buy” decisions). This approach delivers a consistent estimator for the effect of dyadic explanatory variables, which in our model are interpreted as matching frictions, on the supplier choice probability. The estimator is easy to implement and in Monte Carlo simulations it outperforms alternatives based on group fixed effects. In an empirical application about the effect of a major Costa Rican infrastructural project on firm-to-firm connections, our approach yields estimates typically much smaller in magnitude than those from naive multinomial logit.
Keywords:
production network; supplier choice; conditional logit
Fulltext is available at external website.
Matching to suppliers in the production network: an empirical framework
This paper develops a framework for the empirical analysis of the determinants of input supplier choice on the extensive margin using firm-to-firm transaction data. Building on a theoretical model of ...
Disappearing stepping stones: technological change and career paths
Kashkarov, Daniil; Artemev, V.
2024 - English
Which career paths lead workers towards high-skilled non-routine cognitive occupations? Using PSID data, we show that, for a significant share of workers, a career path towards non-routine cognitive occupations goes through middle-skilled routine occupations, with the majority going through a subset of routine cognitive occupations. We then argue that the decline in employment in routine cognitive occupations due to routine-biased technological change can negatively affect the chances of younger cohorts joining high-skilled occupations. To test this hypothesis, we develop a structural occupational choice model that endogenously generates realistic career paths and estimate it using PSID data and job ad data from three major US outlets covering the period from 1940 to 2000. Our estimations suggest that, on average, 6% of workers ending up in non-routine cognitive occupations use routine cognitive occupations as stepping stones that allow them to maintain and accumulate human capital and experience relevant for later employment in high-skilled occupations. A fall in employment opportunities in routine cognitive occupations over the period of the most intensive routine-biased technological change led to at least 1.37 million lost high-skilled workers who got stuck in less skilled occupations.
Keywords:
routine-biased technological change; occupational choice; human capital
Fulltext is available at external website.
Disappearing stepping stones: technological change and career paths
Which career paths lead workers towards high-skilled non-routine cognitive occupations? Using PSID data, we show that, for a significant share of workers, a career path towards non-routine cognitive ...
Basic characteristics of sulfide catalysts for the direct decomposition of H2S
Bonnet, Florian; Kaluža, Luděk
2024 - English
Sulfide catalysts are crucial in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of petroleum fractions, facilitating the hydrogenolysis of carbon-sulfur bonds. This process generates significant volumes of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is typically processed in the Claus unit. However, excess H2S can overwhelm the Claus process, creating both operational and environmental challenges. Researchers are now exploring sulfide catalysts for the direct thermo-catalytic decomposition of H2S to address this issue. Supported catalysts, like Mo/Al2O3, and commercial catalysts, considered typical monolayer-type well-dispersed catalysts, show the highest O2 uptake, ranging from 41.29 μmol/g for MoS2/Al2O3 (KLO) to 58.70 μmol/g for the commercial 715. Unsupported multilayer catalysts, such as Ni/MoWS2 (KKP), exhibit lower O2 uptake at 2.54 μmol/g, though it demonstrates high HDS activity with thiophene. Moreover, O2 uptake effectively describes the sintering of the Mo monolayer phase during the thermocatalytic reaction of H2S at 800°C. These O2 uptakes clearly correlate with the XRD patterns, where the MoS2 phase is X-ray amorphous with an O2 uptake of about 19.04 μmol/g, while the MoS2 phase in the spent catalyst shows certain crystallinity exhibiting an average particle size by Scherrer equation of about 6 nm and the O2 uptake of 1.63 μmol/g. O2 chemisorption thus serves as a valuable measure of the dispersion of Mo sulfides. The results obtain with the study of CoMo/Al2O3 (KJJ-family catalysts), highlight the correlation between the increasing amount of adsorbed O2 with the increasing nominal loading of MoO3 and the increasing rate constant of thiophene kTH. This research reveals the potential of these catalysts in hydrocarbon refining. The findings underline the connection between catalytic chemistry, process engineering, and environmental sustainability, with the objective to enhance industrial refining processes.
Keywords:
sulfide catalyst; O2 chemisorption; H2S decomposition
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Basic characteristics of sulfide catalysts for the direct decomposition of H2S
Sulfide catalysts are crucial in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of petroleum fractions, facilitating the hydrogenolysis of carbon-sulfur bonds. This process generates significant volumes of hydrogen ...
Survey of the connection of the stone elements in „archingʺ of the battlement of the Powder Tower in Prague
Válek, Jan; Kotková, Kristýna; Kozlovcev, Petr
2024 - Czech
Survey of the connection of the stone elements of the Powder Tower in Prague using ground penetrating radar. The aim is to verify the existence of connecting elements with the „archingʺ of the battlements and side supports. Interpretation of the radargrams points to a stonemasonry dowels. The mortar contains an iron admixture. Průzkum napojení kamenných prvků cimbuří Prašné brány v Praze pomocí zemního radaru. Cílem je ověření existence propojovacích prvků ve styčné/ložné spáře mezi kameny „zaklenutí“ průhledů cimbuří a bočními opěrami. Interpretace radargramů ukazuje na kamenické spojky. Malta obsahuje železitou příměs.
Keywords:
ground penetrating radar; masonry joints; NDT survey
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Survey of the connection of the stone elements in „archingʺ of the battlement of the Powder Tower in Prague
Survey of the connection of the stone elements of the Powder Tower in Prague using ground penetrating radar. The aim is to verify the existence of connecting elements with the „archingʺ of the ...
Materials characterization of mortar samples from the archaeological context of the Basilica of St. Wenceslas in Stará Boleslav
Válek, Jan; Kozlovcev, Petr; Svorová Pawełkowicz, Sylwia; Kotková, Kristýna
2024 - Czech
The mortar samples were characterized by optical microscopy and SEM-EDS. The aim of the study was to compare them with each other. All three samples have similar structure and material composition. The raw material for the lime was fine-grained sedimentary limestone with high CaCO3 content. The lime matrix has the character of air lime. In addition to the lime binder, there is also a mud-clay binder. This is separate from the lime binder. The sand grains are surrounded by the lime binder and there is a mud-clay filler in the intermediate space, indicating that this component was added as an admixture to the mortar only during use in construction. The sand used corresponds to the local conditions, both to aeolian sands (loess and loess sediments) dominated by worked quartz clasts and, in part, to sediments of fluvial origin (here mainly lithoclasts transported over a greater distance). Vzorky malt byly popsány pomoci optické mikroskopie a SEM-EDS. Cílem studie bylo jejich vzájemné porovnání. Všechny tři vzorky mají podobnou strukturu i materiálové složení. Surovinou pro výrobu vápna byl jemnozrnný sedimentární vápenec s vysokým obsahem CaCO3. Vápenná matrice má charakter vzdušného vápna. Kromě vápenného pojiva se vyskytuje též prachovojílové pojivo. To je odděleno od vápenného. Zrna písku jsou obalena vápenným pojivem a v meziprostoru je prachovojílová výplň, což ukazuje na přidání této složky jako příměsi do malty až během použití při stavbě. Použitý písek odpovídá místním poměrům, a to jak eolickým pískům (spraším a sprašovým sedimentům) s dominantním výskytem opracovaných křemenných klastů, tak částečně i sedimentům fluviálního původu (zde se jedná především o litoklasty transportované na větší vzdálenost).
Keywords:
historic mortar; microscopy; lime binder; earth binder
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Materials characterization of mortar samples from the archaeological context of the Basilica of St. Wenceslas in Stará Boleslav
The mortar samples were characterized by optical microscopy and SEM-EDS. The aim of the study was to compare them with each other. All three samples have similar structure and material composition. ...
Susceptibility tests of liner materials of composite vessels to the refrigerant gases
Šperl, Martin; Vála, Ondřej; Bejdl, Jan
2024 - Czech
Research study about the influences of pressurized refrigerants atmosphere to some material properties of liners Výzkumná studie o vlivu atmosféry tlakového chladiva na některé materiálové vlastnosti linerů kompozitních nádob
Keywords:
composite vessel; refrigerant; polymer liner; strength
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Susceptibility tests of liner materials of composite vessels to the refrigerant gases
Research study about the influences of pressurized refrigerants atmosphere to some material properties of liners
Experimental research of mechanical and fracture mechanical properties of the oil pipeline DN 150 Bělčice – Třemošná, marked as L186, steel 11 353
Gajdoš, Lubomír; Šperl, Martin; Šorm, Filip; Bejdl, Jan
2024 - Czech
Experimental research of mechanical and fracture mechanical properties of the pipe specimens taken from oil pipeline DN 150. In addition to basic static tests and fracture toughness tests, the research also included the determination of the kinetic of fatigue crack growth, incl. analysis of critical crack size. Experimentální výzkum mechanických a lomově-mechanických vlastností trubních vzorků z produktovodu DN 150. Kromě základních statických zkoušek a zkoušek na určení lomové houževnatosti bylo součástí výzkumu i určení kinetiky růstu únavových trhlin vč. analýzy kritické velikosti trhlin.
Keywords:
J integral; pipeline; toughness; crack
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Experimental research of mechanical and fracture mechanical properties of the oil pipeline DN 150 Bělčice – Třemošná, marked as L186, steel 11 353
Experimental research of mechanical and fracture mechanical properties of the pipe specimens taken from oil pipeline DN 150. In addition to basic static tests and fracture toughness tests, the ...
Financial skills and search in the mortgage market
Cota, Marta; Šterc, Ante
2024 - English
Are households with low financial skills disadvantaged in the mortgage market? Using stochastic record linking, we construct a unique U.S. dataset encompassing a rich set of mortgage details and borrowers’ characteristics, including their objective financial literacy measure. We find that households with low financial literacy are up to 4% more likely to search less and lock in at 15-20 b.p. higher rates. Upon origination, unskilled borrowers face a 35-45% higher mortgage delinquency and end up with a 30% lower likelihood of refinancing. Overall, for a $100,000 loan, the potential losses from low financial literacy are more than $9,329 over the mortgage duration. To understand how financial education, more accessible mortgages, or mortgage rate changes affect households with low financial literacy, we formulate and calibrate a mortgage search model with heterogeneous search frictions and endogenous financial skills. Our model estimates show that search intensity and financial skill variations contribute to 55% and 10% of mortgage rate variations, respectively. We find that i) more accessible mortgages lead to a higher delinquency risk among low-skilled households, ii) financial education mitigates the adverse effects of increased accessibility, and iii) low mortgage rates favor high-skilled homeowners and, by reinforcing refinancing activity, deepen consumption differences across different financial skill levels.
Keywords:
mortgage refinancing; mortgage search; financial skills
Fulltext is available at external website.
Financial skills and search in the mortgage market
Are households with low financial skills disadvantaged in the mortgage market? Using stochastic record linking, we construct a unique U.S. dataset encompassing a rich set of mortgage details and ...
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