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Prioritized examination and its impact on commercialization of patents
Hrendash, Taras
2019 - anglický
Patents play an important role in facilitating transfers of knowledge, and enable commercialization of innovative ideas by reducing information asymmetry between potential buyers and sellers on the market for technology. The crucial question, however, is how quickly innovative ideas can be patented. Previous research has shown that the probability of commercialization for pending\napplications peaks immediately after the patent allowance event (Gans, Hsu & Stern, 2008). But does the length of pendency of an application at a patent office also affect the overall saleability of a technology and create some frictions on the market for technology? In this paper, we exploit the introduction of the USPTO’s Prioritized Examination (Track One) Program to capture the impact of shortened pendency on the likelihood that a pending or granted patent will be commercialized via the transfer of property rights. Using the differencein-differences approach, we compare the average saleability of patents, which we assign into three groups according to their predicted propensity for prioritization before and after the program start date. We find that introduction of the Track One program has significantly increased the probability of commercial reassignment of applications that were more likely to be prioritized. Our results suggest that the policy implemented by the USPTO and shortened pendency of applications, in general, may reduce frictions on the market for technology and facilitate commercialization of innovations.
Klíčová slova:
experimental economics; government transfers
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Prioritized examination and its impact on commercialization of patents
Patents play an important role in facilitating transfers of knowledge, and enable commercialization of innovative ideas by reducing information asymmetry between potential buyers and sellers on the ...
Assessing the reliability of stress as a feature of authorship attribution in syllabic and accentual syllabic verse
Plecháč, Petr; Birnbaum, D. J.
2019 - anglický
This work builds on a recent study by one of the authors, which shows that statistics about versification may be used as a feature in the process of authorship attribution. One such statistic is what we have called the stress profile of a poem, a vector consisting of frequencies of stressed syllables at particular metrical positions. Our initial hypothesis was that because syllabic versification (SV) regulates by definition the number of syllables in a line but not the distribution of stresses, it allows authors to individualize their rhythmical style much more than accentual syllabic versification (ASV), where the distribution of stresses is primarily determined by meter. For that reason, we expected the stress profile to be a more reliable indicator of authorship in Spanish SV than in Czech or German ASV. This hypothesis, however, was not supported by our analysis. For most of our samples, German ASV had lower accuracy than Spanish, which we had predicted, but, contrary to our expectations, the accuracy for Czech ASV and Spanish SV were more or less the same. This result led us to hypothesize further that the traditional labels SV and ASV were misleading and we sought to measure the tonic entropy of our data. In this case, Spanish SV, as expected, was found to be the least tonically regular, while there was a significant difference between the two ASV systems: the values for Czech were even closer to Spanish than to the low-scoring German system. This explains why our initial grouping of Czech and German together into a single ASV category was insufficiently nuanced.
Klíčová slova:
versification; authorship attribution; poetry
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Assessing the reliability of stress as a feature of authorship attribution in syllabic and accentual syllabic verse
This work builds on a recent study by one of the authors, which shows that statistics about versification may be used as a feature in the process of authorship attribution. One such statistic is what ...
Quantitative Approaches to Versification
Plecháč, Petr; Barry, P.; Skulacheva, T.; Bermúdez-Sabel, H.; Kolár, Robert
2019 - anglický
This volume presents a wide range of quantitative approaches to versification. It comprises various methodological perspectives ranging from simple descriptive statistics to advanced machine learning methods (such as support vector machines, random forests or neural networks) as well as material covering a large span of time and languages: from very ancient versifications (Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittie, Ancient Greek), through medieval (Old English, Old Icelandic, Old Saxon) and Renaissance verse to modern experiments (free verse, concrete poetry), from English and Russian through Spanish and German to Portuguese and Catalan. Not only written, but also spoken poetry has been analyzed. The book covers multiple topics. What they all share in common is that versification is being studied in the context of other linguistic phenomena that may affect or determine it. Analyses of large corpora go hand in hand with comparative approaches. It is shown that quantitative approaches can be used for the purpose of authorship attribution, to build reasonable typologies as well as to understand why certain forms play such a dominant roles in our cultural tradition(s).
Klíčová slova:
versification; quantitative verse studies; prosody
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Quantitative Approaches to Versification
This volume presents a wide range of quantitative approaches to versification. It comprises various methodological perspectives ranging from simple descriptive statistics to advanced machine learning ...
Attentional role of quota implementation
Matveenko, Andrei; Mikhalishchev, S.
2019 - anglický
This paper introduces a new role of quotas, e.g., labor market quotas: the attentional role. We study the effect of quota implementation on the attention allocation strategy of a rationally inattentive (RI) agent. Our main result is that an RI agent who is forced to fulfill a quota never hires the candidates without acquiring information about them, unlike an unrestricted RI agent\nwho in some cases bases her decision on prior belief only. We also show that in our context quotas are equivalent to other types of affirmative policies such as subsidies and blind resume policy. We show how our results can be used to set a quota level that increases the expected value of the chosen candidate and also decreases statistical discrimination and discrimination in terms of how much attention is paid to each applicant. At the same time, quota implementation could be destructive if the social planner has imperfect information about the parameters of the model.\n
Klíčová slova:
discrete choice; rational inattention; multinomial logit
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Attentional role of quota implementation
This paper introduces a new role of quotas, e.g., labor market quotas: the attentional role. We study the effect of quota implementation on the attention allocation strategy of a rationally ...
Does index arbitrage distort the market reaction to shocks?
Anatolyev, Stanislav; Seleznev, S.; Selezneva, Veronika
2019 - anglický
We show that ETF arbitrage distorts the market reaction to fundamental shocks. We confirm this hypothesis by creating a new measure of the intensity of arbitrage transactions at the individual stock level and using an event study analysis to estimate the market reaction to economic shocks. Our measure of the intensity of arbitrage is the probability of simultaneous trading of ETF shares with shares of underlying stocks estimated using high frequency data. Our approach is direct, and it accounts for statistical arbitrage, passive investment strategies, and netting of arbitrage positions over the day, which the existing measures cannot do. We conduct several empirical tests, including the use of a quasi-natural experiment, to confirm that our measure captures fluctuations in the intensity of arbitrage transactions. We focus on oil shocks because they contain a large idiosyncratic component which facilitates identification of our mechanism and interpretation of the results. Oil shocks are identified using weekly oil inventory announcements.\n
Klíčová slova:
high-frequency data; stock market; ETF
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Does index arbitrage distort the market reaction to shocks?
We show that ETF arbitrage distorts the market reaction to fundamental shocks. We confirm this hypothesis by creating a new measure of the intensity of arbitrage transactions at the individual stock ...
Menstrual health, worker productivity and well-being among female Bangladeshi garment workers
Czura, K.; Menzel, Andreas; Miotto, Martina
2019 - anglický
We conducted a randomised controlled trial (RCT) on a sample of 1,000 female garment workers in three factories in Bangladesh, offering access to free sanitary pads at work to 500 of the workers. We cross-randomised participation in information sessions for hygienic menstrual health care implemented by an experienced local NGO, and we vary the salience of commonly perceived taboos in the pad collection process. We find effects of the free pads and information sessions on self-reported pad use, but not of the taboo variations. We find effects on absenteeism and adherence to traditional restrictive and health-adverse taboos surrounding menstruation, but not on worker turnover or self-reported well-being at work.
Klíčová slova:
menstrual health; taboos; productivity
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Menstrual health, worker productivity and well-being among female Bangladeshi garment workers
We conducted a randomised controlled trial (RCT) on a sample of 1,000 female garment workers in three factories in Bangladesh, offering access to free sanitary pads at work to 500 of the workers. We ...
Surviving Auschwitz with pre-existing social ties
Jurajda, Štěpán; Jelínek, T.
2019 - anglický
Survivor testimonies link survival in deadly POW camps, Gulags, and Nazi concentration camps to the ability of prisoners to get help from friends present in the camp. We study the case of several hundred prisoners of a small, low-security Nazi agricultural labor camp located in todayís Czech Republic, who were ultimately on transports to Auschwitz, a deadly extermination and labor camp. We ask whether their chances of surviving the Holocaust depended on how many of their former co-laborers from the agricultural camp were present on their transports to Auschwitz, which included another 9 thousand Czech male prisoners. We uncover a large, 10 percentage point survival advantage to having arrived in Auschwitz with at least 50 former co-laborers from the agricultural labor camp. This evidence is similar to that provided by Costa and Kahn (2007) for a US Civil War POW camp, and consistent with the fundamentally selective accounts provided by survivors.
Klíčová slova:
Nazi concentration camp; survival; social structure
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Surviving Auschwitz with pre-existing social ties
Survivor testimonies link survival in deadly POW camps, Gulags, and Nazi concentration camps to the ability of prisoners to get help from friends present in the camp. We study the case of several ...
Psychological testing of minorities: Inspiration from methodology of cross-cultural psychology
Čeněk, J.; Urbánek, Tomáš
2018 - anglický
This presentation is focused on the problematics of psychological testing and the adaptation of psychological methods in Czech Republic. The emphasis is placed on the testing of Czech minorities. The goal of the presentation is to summarize the current state of psychological testing in Czech Republic, to indicate certain limits in the quality of Czech psychological tests, and to propose steps that could be used to improve the state. Cross-cultural psychology offers a set of principles and methods, both of qualitative and quantitative nature, which can be used not only for the evaluation of the existing psychological tests with respect to the tested populations (e. g. minorities), but also for the successful creation or adaptation of new tests.
Klíčová slova:
adaptation of psychological methods; cultural bias; emic/etic; equivalence
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Psychological testing of minorities: Inspiration from methodology of cross-cultural psychology
This presentation is focused on the problematics of psychological testing and the adaptation of psychological methods in Czech Republic. The emphasis is placed on the testing of Czech minorities. The ...
Does minimum wage affect workplace safety?
Hradil, Vít
2018 - anglický
Empirical evidence on the employment effects of minimum wage legislation suggests the possibility that firms react to increases in low-skilled labor costs driven by minimum wages\nby reducing investments in non-wage job aspects, which can mitigate the need for layoffs. Such adjustments may involve the worsening of workplace safety. To evaluate the hypothesis that increases in minimum wages result in a higher incidence of occupational injuries and illnesses, I use employer-level data from the United States and variation in state minimum wages during 1996-2013. The results suggest that states which increase their minimum wage experience an increase in the incidence of occupational injuries and illnesses. The effect appears stronger in industries that employ large numbers of low-wage workers, and those where the workforce is intensively exposed to health risks.
Klíčová slova:
minimum wage; job safety; occupational injuries and illnesses
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Does minimum wage affect workplace safety?
Empirical evidence on the employment effects of minimum wage legislation suggests the possibility that firms react to increases in low-skilled labor costs driven by minimum wages\nby reducing ...
The low-skilled in the Czech Republic
Bičáková, Alena; Kalíšková, Klára
2018 - anglický
This study provides evidence on the characteristics, labor market conditions, and labor market\noutcomes of the low-skilled in the Czech Republic. It considers the most relevant policies to\nensure the long-term inclusion of the low-skilled in the labor market. We use the standard\ndefinition of the low-skilled as those individuals with primary or lower-secondary education.
Klíčová slova:
labor market conditions; labor market outcomes; Czech Republic
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
The low-skilled in the Czech Republic
This study provides evidence on the characteristics, labor market conditions, and labor market\noutcomes of the low-skilled in the Czech Republic. It considers the most relevant policies to\nensure ...
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