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Czech kurzarbeit: evidence from the first pandemic wave
Jurajda, Štěpán; Doleželová, P.
2021 - anglický
We describe the firm-type structure of the use of the main Czech kurzarbeit program (called Antivirus B) during the spring 2020 pandemic wave. Evidence based on the Structure of Earnings Survey shows large participation gaps in favor of large employers, and disproportionately high intensity of use of the program by manufacturing companies, in particular those exhibiting a declining wage bill already prior to the pandemic. Compared to other industries, manufacturing is thus able to ‘cover’ by kurzarbeit support the largest share of the decline in hours worked between the 2nd quarters of 2019 and 2020, with the exception of the hospitality and culture industries, which were directly affected by pandemic measures, such as restaurant closures.
Klíčová slova:
kurzarbeit; COVID-19; Czech Republic
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Czech kurzarbeit: evidence from the first pandemic wave
We describe the firm-type structure of the use of the main Czech kurzarbeit program (called Antivirus B) during the spring 2020 pandemic wave. Evidence based on the Structure of Earnings Survey shows ...
LATE estimators under costly non-compliance in student-college matching markets
Drlje, M.; Jurajda, Štěpán
2021 - anglický
A growing literature exploits a feature of centralized college admission systems where students with similar admission scores in a neighborhood of a school’s admission threshold are or are not offered admission based on small quasi-random differences in admission scores. Assuming that the students at the margin of admission differ only in the treatment assignment, this literature relies on admission scores to instrument for admission or graduation. We point out that non-compliance with the centralized matching assignment typically corresponds to enrolling in one’s preferred program a year after the initial assignment, introducing significant non-compliance costs. We show that with costly non-compliance, the exclusion restriction, the key assumption of the LATE theorem, is violated, leading to biased estimates when instrumenting for graduation, i.e., for a treatment taking place after non-compliance costs are incurred. We use data from a student-college matching market in Croatia to illustrate the empirical importance of this potential source of bias and propose a method inspired by Lee (2009), which recovers the treatment effect bounds under the assumption that the costs of non-compliance are not related to the treatment assignment.
Klíčová slova:
LATE theorem; exclusion restriction; college admission
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
LATE estimators under costly non-compliance in student-college matching markets
A growing literature exploits a feature of centralized college admission systems where students with similar admission scores in a neighborhood of a school’s admission threshold are or are not offered ...
Make your own luck: the wage gains from starting college in a bad economy
Bičáková, Alena; Cortes, G. M.; Mazza, J.
2021 - anglický
Using data for nearly 40 cohorts of American college graduates and exploiting regional variation in economic conditions, we show robust evidence of a positive relationship between the unemployment rate at the time of college enrollment and subsequent annual earnings, particularly for women. This positive relationship cannot be explained by selection into employment or by economic conditions at the time of graduation. Changes in major field of study account for only about 10% of the observed earnings gains. The results are consistent with intensified effort exerted by students who experience bad economic times at the beginning of their studies.
Klíčová slova:
business cycle; higher education; cohort effects
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Make your own luck: the wage gains from starting college in a bad economy
Using data for nearly 40 cohorts of American college graduates and exploiting regional variation in economic conditions, we show robust evidence of a positive relationship between the unemployment ...
Assessment of Independent EEG Components Obtained by Different Methods for BCI Based on Motor Imagery
Húsek, Dušan; Frolov, A. A.; Kerechanin, J. V.; Bobrov, P.D.
2021 - anglický
Eight methods of decomposition of a multichannel EEG signal are compared in terms of their ability to identify the most physiologically significant components. The criterion for the meaningfulness of a method is its ability to reduce mutual information between components; to create components that can be attributed to the activity of dipoles located in the cerebral cortex; find components that are provided by other methods and for this case; and at the same time, these components should most contribute to the accuracy of the BCI based on imaginary movement. Independent component analysis methods AMICA, RUNICA and FASTICA outperform others in the first three criteria and are second only to the Common Spatial Patterns method in the fourth criterion. The components created by all methods for 386 experimental sessions of 27 subjects were combined into more than 100 clusters containing more than 10 elements. Additionally, the components of the 12 largest clusters were analyzed. They have proven to be of great importance in controlling BCI, their origins can be modeled using dipoles in the brain, and they have been detected by several degradation methods. Five of the 12 selected components have been identified and described in our previous articles. Even if the physiological and functional origins of the rest of identified components’ are to be the subject of further research, we have shown that their physiological nature is at least highly probable.\n
Klíčová slova:
brain–computer interface; motor imagery; blind source separation; independent component analysis; common spatial patterns; cluster analysis; EEG pattern extraction; EEG analysis; ICA; CSP; BCI; motor imagery
Plné texty jsou dostupné na jednotlivých ústavech Akademie věd ČR.
Assessment of Independent EEG Components Obtained by Different Methods for BCI Based on Motor Imagery
Eight methods of decomposition of a multichannel EEG signal are compared in terms of their ability to identify the most physiologically significant components. The criterion for the meaningfulness of ...
Structural mapping of exploration geotechnical boreholes walls within 1st phase – Ore Zone
Waclawik, Petr; Vavro, Martin; Schuchová, Kristýna; Kukutsch, Radovan; Staš, Lubomír; Souček, Kamil; Georgiou, Lucie
2021 - anglický
Structural-geological analysis, i.e. fracturing assessment of the walls of geotechnical boreholes (CIS12, CIS14, CIS31 and CIS37) within the Ore Zone lithium exploratory area was carried out on the basis of optical (OPTV) and acoustic televiewer (HiRAT) records evaluation. HiRAT and OPTV probes are part of the Robertson Geologging logging equipment. The apparatus has an electric winch with a four-core logging cable, which transmits the data recorded by the probes via a data logger to a computer. The spatial data obtained from interpretation of the geotechnical boreholes records were structurally analysed. The submitted research report comprehensively summarises the findings obtained from the structural mapping of geotechnical boreholes. On the basis measured data the rock mass quality evaluation of boreholes walls were additionally done. The complex data have been allowed very precise analysis of rock mass structural conditions, which are necessary for construction geomechanical model.
Klíčová slova:
geotechnical boreholes; structural mapping; rock mass quality
Plné texty jsou dostupné na jednotlivých ústavech Akademie věd ČR.
Structural mapping of exploration geotechnical boreholes walls within 1st phase – Ore Zone
Structural-geological analysis, i.e. fracturing assessment of the walls of geotechnical boreholes (CIS12, CIS14, CIS31 and CIS37) within the Ore Zone lithium exploratory area was carried out on the ...
UniSAFE National researcher report - Canada
Huck, Averil
2021 - anglický
This report investigates the (non-)existence of laws and policies on gender-based violence (GBV) in the context of universities and research organisations in Canada. It has been published as part of the UniSAFE project together with 32 other national fieldwork reports. Although Canada is recognised as being at the forefront of equality policy, are universities and research organisations exceptions to the rule? To what level of comprehensiveness are these GBV laws and policies adopted and implemented? Analysing Canadian laws and policies is highly relevant for UniSAFE’s research as a comparison basis with European Union countries policies and laws on the subject. Desk-based research has been performed to map the laws and policies and have been analysed in the light of the 7P model, theoretical framework developed under the UniSAFE project. The 7P model is a model to address and combat violence, to assess the efficiency of modes of intervention, regulation and the institutional responses put into place to eradicate GBV, including sexual harassment, in universities and research organisations. At the core is the measure of the prevalence of GBV, with the aim to understand the roles of university and research organisations in prevention, protection, prosecution, provision of services, supported by partnerships and policies. The findings show that there is no federal legislation in Canada that deals directly with the issue of combating GBV in universities or research organisations. This is explained by the fact that legislation related to higher education is under the jurisdiction of provinces. Indeed, five provinces out of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada have passed legislations requiring post-secondary institutions to adopt and implement sexual violence policies between 2016 and 2021. In addition to these provincial laws, a National Strategy has been adopted. They have shown to be quite comprehensive, addressing from 4Ps to the maximum 7Ps.\n
Klíčová slova:
gender-based violence; gender; research performing organisations; policy framework; Canada; #metoo
Plné texty jsou dostupné na jednotlivých ústavech Akademie věd ČR.
UniSAFE National researcher report - Canada
This report investigates the (non-)existence of laws and policies on gender-based violence (GBV) in the context of universities and research organisations in Canada. It has been published as part of ...
GPR survey of the reinforcement above the long horizontal window case study: Ice ring stadium restaurant Fuchs on Štvanice Island
Válek, Jan; Kozlovcev, Petr; Eisler, Marek; Dušek, Ondřej
2021 - anglický
The aim of the survey was to assess the use of Ground Penetration Radar for the reinforcement position detection on the Ice ring restaurant – an early concrete building on Štvanice Island in Prague from 1932. For this case study a potentially critical section of a façade above the app. 16 m long horizontal window was selected. GPR from IDS company equipped with 2 GHz high frequency antenna was used.
Klíčová slova:
Fuchs restaurant; GPR; reinforced concrete
Plné texty jsou dostupné na jednotlivých ústavech Akademie věd ČR.
GPR survey of the reinforcement above the long horizontal window case study: Ice ring stadium restaurant Fuchs on Štvanice Island
The aim of the survey was to assess the use of Ground Penetration Radar for the reinforcement position detection on the Ice ring restaurant – an early concrete building on Štvanice Island in Prague ...
The impact of the crisis-induced reduction in air pollution on infant mortality in India: a policy perspective
Kyrychenko, Olexiy
2021 - anglický
Credible estimates of the health effects associated with changes in air pollution exposure are of considerable importance for research and policy agendas, especially for developing countries. This paper estimates the impact of the sharp reduction in particulate air pollution driven by the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 on district-level infant mortality in India. Utilizing plausibly exogenous geographic variation in the crisis-induced changes in air quality and novel data from household surveys and satellite-based sources, I find that the infant mortality rate fell by 24% more in the most affected districts, implying 1338 fewer infant deaths than would have occurred in the absence of the crisis. Analysis of the mechanisms indicates that the PM2.5 reductions affected infant mortality mainly through respiratory diseases and two biological mechanisms: in utero and postbirth PM2.5 exposure. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that the estimated decline in infant mortality translates into a three-year after crisis total of 312.5 million U.S. dollars. The resulting health benefits could be used as a benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of the policies designed to improve air quality in India.
Klíčová slova:
air pollution; infant mortality; crisis
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
The impact of the crisis-induced reduction in air pollution on infant mortality in India: a policy perspective
Credible estimates of the health effects associated with changes in air pollution exposure are of considerable importance for research and policy agendas, especially for developing countries. This ...
Career-breaks and maternal employment in CEE countries
Bičáková, Alena; Kalíšková, Klára
2021 - anglický
Post-birth career breaks and their impact on mothers’ labor market outcomes have received considerable attention in the literature. However, existing evidence comes mostly from Western Europe and the US, where career breaks tend to be short. In contrast, Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, where post-birth career interruptions by mothers are typically much longer, have rarely been studied. In the first part of this study, we place CEE countries into the EU context by providing key empirical facts related to the labor market outcomes of mothers and the most important factors that may affect them. Besides substantial differences between CEE countries and the rest of the EU, there is also large heterogeneity within CEE itself, which we explore next. In the second part, we review the main family leave and formal childcare policies and reforms that have occurred in CEE countries since the end of Communism and provide a comprehensive survey of the existing scientific evidence of their impact on maternal employment. While research on the causal impacts of these policies is scarce, several important studies have recently been published in high-impact journals. We are the first to provide an overview of these causal studies from CEE countries, which offer an insightful extension to the existing knowledge from Western Europe and the US.
Klíčová slova:
CEE countries; labor market; motherhood
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Career-breaks and maternal employment in CEE countries
Post-birth career breaks and their impact on mothers’ labor market outcomes have received considerable attention in the literature. However, existing evidence comes mostly from Western Europe and the ...
The outflow of high-ability students from regular schools and its long-term impact on those left behind
Federičová, Miroslava
2021 - anglický
Early tracking school systems, which stream student by ability, are considered a trigger of widening inequality in education. However, more homogenous class composition resulting from ability tracking seem to improve efficiency of teaching and learning. Literature on peer effects shows contradictory findings about these two counteracting effects. This paper contributes to the discussion of the efficacy of ability tracking by examining the effects of the outflow of high-ability students after primary education on the long-term educational outcomes and behaviour of their peers who remain in regular classes. Exploiting a 2009 school reform in Slovakia which postponed tracking by one year, we show that the outflow of high-performing peers results in a weak negative long-run effect on non-tracked student’s math scores and late arrivals at school, and more persistent negative effects on out-of-school study time.\n
Klíčová slova:
early-tracking school system; peer effects; gender effects
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
The outflow of high-ability students from regular schools and its long-term impact on those left behind
Early tracking school systems, which stream student by ability, are considered a trigger of widening inequality in education. However, more homogenous class composition resulting from ability tracking ...
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