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Knowledge is a Diamond
Punčochář, Vít
2017 - English
In the standard epistemic logic, the knowledge operator is represented as a box operator, a universal quantifier over a set of possible worlds. There is an alternative approach to the semantics of knowledge, according to which an agent a knows a proposition iff a has a reliable (e.g. sensory) evidence that supports the proposition. In this interpretation, knowledge is viewed rather as an existential, i.e. a diamond modality. In this paper, we will propose a formal semantics for substructural logics that allows to model knowledge on the basis of this intuition. The framework is strongly motivated by a similar semantics introduced by (Bílková, Majer, Peliš, 2016). However, as we will argue, our framework overcomes some unintuitive features of the semantics from (Bílková, Majer, Peliš, 2016). Most importantly, knowledge does not distribute over disjunction in our logic.
Keywords:
epistemic logic; substructural logic; knowledge
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Knowledge is a Diamond
In the standard epistemic logic, the knowledge operator is represented as a box operator, a universal quantifier over a set of possible worlds. There is an alternative approach to the semantics of ...
A general framework for logics of questions
Punčochář, Vít
2017 - English
This paper provides an overview of basic inquisitive semantics and its generalization proposed in (Punčochář, submitted). It is shown that the generalization allows to model questions over any of a large class of non-classical logics and so avoids paradoxes of material implication and irrelevance in the logic of questions. Moreover, it is advocated that the general framework does not lose any of the characteristic features of basic inquisitive semantics that are needed for modeling of questions.
Keywords:
inquisitive semantics; logic of questions; substructural logics
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
A general framework for logics of questions
This paper provides an overview of basic inquisitive semantics and its generalization proposed in (Punčochář, submitted). It is shown that the generalization allows to model questions over any of a ...
Modern technology and historical method
Sommer, Petr
2017 - Czech
Contemporary tendency to involve new technologies and methods into the historical research head towards extraordinary enlargement possibility to work on great collections of sources, but it is constantly important to formulize clear research questions and prospective aims. Současná tendence zapojování nových technologií a metod do historické práce vede k mimořádnému rozšíření zpracovatelských možností velkých souborů pramenů, stále je však nutné formulovat jasné badatelské otázky a očekávané cíle.
Keywords:
methods; computer; history; sources
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Modern technology and historical method
Contemporary tendency to involve new technologies and methods into the historical research head towards extraordinary enlargement possibility to work on great collections of sources, but it is ...
Substructural logics for pooling information
Sedlár, Igor; Punčochář, Vít
2017 - English
This paper puts forward a generalization of the account of pooling information – offered by standard epistemic logic – based on intersection of sets of possible worlds. Our account is based on information models for substructural logics and pooling is represented by fusion of information states. This approach yields a representation of\npooling related to structured communication within groups of agents. It is shown that the generalized account avoids some problematic features of the intersection-based approach. Our main technical result is a sound and complete axiomatization of a substructural epistemic logic with an operator expressing pooling.\n
Keywords:
distributed knowledge; information pooling; substrucural logics
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Substructural logics for pooling information
This paper puts forward a generalization of the account of pooling information – offered by standard epistemic logic – based on intersection of sets of possible worlds. Our account is based on ...
Interpretacija Komenskogo J. Patočkoj v kontekste ego filosofii istorii
Schifferová, Věra
2017 - Russian
Patočka´s interest in Comenius was motivated by his interest in the philosophy of history. The chapter demonstrates Patočka´s concern with Comenius which resultated from Patočka´s focus on the turn from the Christian man to the man without Christiantiy as well as from his interest in the crisis of the modern man. For Patočka, the spiritual transformation, which is the main of civilisation difficulties of the modern humanity lies in replacing one´s “open soul” with a soul that´s “closed”. Patočka approaches Comenius as a thinker who´s difference from the main ideational trend of the modern age might be enormously inspirational in searching for a new spiritual path, whithout which our current humanity has no chance of leading itself out of the crisis that was brought on it by scinetific and technical civilisation; attention is drawn to the issue “pedagogy of the turn” towards the openness in the Post-European period. Interes Jana Patočki k Komenskomu byl motivirovan ego interesom k filosofii istorii. Staťja pokazyvaet, čto vnimanie Patočki k Komenskomu svjazano s ego napravlennostju k probleme pereroždenija christianskogo čeloveka v čeloveka poslechristianskogo i k probleme krizica civilizacii moderna. Soglasno Patočke, duchovnoe prevraščenie, kotoroe stalo glavnoj problemoj čelovečestva epochi moderna, eto zamena “otkrovennoj duši” “dušoj zamknutoj”. Patočka pokazyval, čto Komenskij imenno tem, čem otličaetsja ot glavnogo idejnogo napravlenija epochi moderna, možet črezvyčajno inspirirovať sovremennogo čeloveka, kotoryj iščet novuju duchovnuju orientaciju, bez kotoroj net šanca najti vychod iz krizica sovremennoj naučno-techničeskoj civilizacii; vnimanie obraščeno k “pedagogike povorota”, k otkrytosti, otkrovennosti v sovremennoj posleevropejskoj epoche.
Keywords:
Comenius; Patočka; crisis of the modern civilisation; Post-European Period; pedagogy of the turn; open soul
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Interpretacija Komenskogo J. Patočkoj v kontekste ego filosofii istorii
Patočka´s interest in Comenius was motivated by his interest in the philosophy of history. The chapter demonstrates Patočka´s concern with Comenius which resultated from Patočka´s focus on the turn ...
Die Entwicklung der Technikbewertung in der Tschechischen Republik. Barrieren und Chancen
Machleidt, Petr; Mráček, K.
2017 - German
The paper deals with the situation of Technology Assessment in the Czech Republic. There is a well-developed theoretical basis of TA but a relatively weak TA practice. We are lacking a broad and concrete institutional lay down of TA, in particular, there is no effective link to relevant legislative activities. The concept of TA can also be viewed as a right tool for research and innovation policy in the Czech Republic. Teaching in the field of TA is also important. The positive acceptance of TA problems by students at the TU Prague shows new opportunities for the establishment of TA in the Czech Republic. The idea of “industry 4.0” is also a great challenge for TA in the Czech Republic. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Situation der Technikfolgenbewertung in der Tschechischen Republik. Es gibt eine gut entwickelte theoretische Grundlage für TA, aber eine relativ schwache TA-Praxis. Uns fehlt der breite und konkrete institutionelle Aufbau von TA, insbesondere gibt es keine effektive Verbindung zu relevanten legislativen Aktivitäten. Das Konzept der TA kann auch als ein richtiges Instrument für die Forschungs- und Innovationspolitik in der Tschechischen Republik angesehen werden. Unterricht im Bereich TA ist ebenfalls wichtig. Die positive Akzeptanz von TA-Problemen durch Studenten an der TU Prag zeigt neue Möglichkeiten für die Gründung von TA in der Tschechischen Republik. Die Idee von “Industrie 4.0” ist auch eine große Herausforderung für TA in der Tschechischen Republik.
Keywords:
Technology Assessment; TA Practice; Industry 4.0; Innovation Policy
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Die Entwicklung der Technikbewertung in der Tschechischen Republik. Barrieren und Chancen
The paper deals with the situation of Technology Assessment in the Czech Republic. There is a well-developed theoretical basis of TA but a relatively weak TA practice. We are lacking a broad and ...
Ethics and the Politics of Truth. Hito Steyerl and Michel Foucault
Bierhanzl, Jan
2017 - Czech
The documentarist turn in visual art reintroduces the question of the relationship between a work of art and truth. However, rather than the truth of the work in the sense of mimesis or authenticity, it is the politics of truth. In a double entendre: documentary forms express power relationships but being themselves a political act they may represent resistance against the power relationships. This generally political approach to truth in art falls, in our opinion, within at least two philosophical-political traditions. The first is Marx and Marxism and the question of the relationship of a work of art to social circumstances. Regarding that Hito Steyerl explicitly espouses Michel Foucault, in step two we will try to refer the issue of the relationship between a work of art and truth to the three fundamental axes of Foucault’s thought — power, knowledge and the subject. Dokumentaristický obrat ve výtvarném umění znovu klade otázku o vztahu uměleckého díla a pravdy. Nejde však o pravdu díla ve smyslu mimesis nebo autenticity, nýbrž o politiku pravdy. A to v dvojím smyslu: dokumentární formy jednak vyjadřují vládnoucí mocenské poměry, jednak díky tomu, že samy o sobě představují politické činy, mohou představovat odpor vůči těmto poměrům. Tento obecně politický přístup k pravdě umění zapadá podle nás minimálně do dvou filosoficko-politických tradic. První je Marx a marxismus a otázka vztahu díla ke společenským poměrům. Vzhledem k tomu, že Hito Steyerl se explicitně hlásí k Michelu Foucaultovi, pokusíme se, v druhém kroku, vztáhnout otázku vztahu díla a pravdy k třem základním osám Foucaultova myšlení — k moci, vědění a subjektu.
Keywords:
politics of truth; Foucault; documentary turn; ethics
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Ethics and the Politics of Truth. Hito Steyerl and Michel Foucault
The documentarist turn in visual art reintroduces the question of the relationship between a work of art and truth. However, rather than the truth of the work in the sense of mimesis or authenticity, ...
Unconditional Basic Income. The Tool for Elimination of Social Accidents
Brabec, Martin
2017 - Czech
The paper introduces a conception of Universal basic income. First part presents its traits and historical roots. Next part concentrates on an issue of moral argument for implementing basic income. And the last, main, section focuses on six of features of basic income supporting of elimination of social accidents. Příspěvek představuje myšlenku Nepodmíněného základního příjmu a ukazuje, jak může přispět ke snížení sociálních dopadů různých druhů nahodilostí ve společnosti. Nejprve jsou prezentovány hlavní rysy NZP a jeho odlišnost od současných podmíněných dávek. Dále je rozebrána morální obhajoba základního příjmu a to v klasické koncepci Thomase Paina i její moderní podobě u Van Parijse. V následné, hlavní části příspěvku, je představeno šest rysů, kterými může přispět základní příjem ke snížení sociálních rizik ve společnosti.
Keywords:
Unconditional Basic Income; Social Accidents; Work
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Unconditional Basic Income. The Tool for Elimination of Social Accidents
The paper introduces a conception of Universal basic income. First part presents its traits and historical roots. Next part concentrates on an issue of moral argument for implementing basic income. ...
Democratic Civilization and Disinforming propaganda in Central European Geopolitical Space
Bednář, Miloslav
2017 - Czech
The key geopolitical realm between Germany and Russia including Germany and Russia did not yet build a solid democratic political culture. This is why it can be compared to e. g. Britain and the U.S. relatively easily influenced by a systematic propaganda of disinformation aimed against democratic civilization. Klíčový geopolitický prostor mezi Německem a Ruskem si včetně Německa a Ruska zatím nevytvořil solidní demokratickou politickou kulturu. Proto je oproti např. Británii a USA poměrně snadno ovlivnitelný soustavnou dezinformační propagandou zaměřenou proti demokratické civilizaci.
Keywords:
democratic civilization; disinforming; geopolitics
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Democratic Civilization and Disinforming propaganda in Central European Geopolitical Space
The key geopolitical realm between Germany and Russia including Germany and Russia did not yet build a solid democratic political culture. This is why it can be compared to e. g. Britain and the U.S. ...
The Dominicans in Klatovy and the Spiritual Atmosphere in the Late Middle Ages
Jindráček, Efrem
2017 - Czech
The Dominican Convent (founded 1267/1290) formed together with the Hospital of The Holy Spirit (1289) of the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star, two religious institutions that enriched the religious and cultural life of Klatovy in a completely different way. In the Late of the Middle Ages, when a big part of Europe was affected by the Black Death, the plague epidemy (1347-1363) and the Papal schism (1383-1417), the Dominican Order was in serious crises (1350-1417), not only in the religious discipline, but also in the overall decline of studies, we can say – according to the conserved documents – that the Dominican community in Klatovy has done quite well, perhaps very well. Until the 15th century, it enjoyed the admiration of local benefactors, burghers and influential nobility, provably developed a sermon and study, its members found among bishops, papal chaplains, inquisitors and professors of theology. The later non-conformist attitudes towards the Hussitism and long-term survival in an organized exile phase along with the catholic minority from Klatovy, even after the destruction of the proper convent (1419), show a considerable Dominican identity and the determination of its members. Dominikánský konvent (zal. 1267/1290) tvořil spolu s křížovnickým špitálem Sv. Ducha (zal. 1289) dvě řeholní instituce, které zcela rozdílným způsobem obohacovaly náboženský a kulturní život města Klatov. Na sklonku středověku, kdy velká část Evropy byla zasažena epidemií moru (1347-1363), papežským schismatem (1383-1417) a dominikánský řád prožíval převážně velmi krizové období (1350-1417) nejen co do řeholní kázně, tak ale zvláště celkovým úpadkem studia, můžeme říci na základě dochovaných dokumentů, že klatovská dominikánská komunita si vedla poměrně dobře, možná velmi dobře. Až do 15. století se těšila přízni místních dobrodinců, měšťanů i vlivné šlechty, prokazatelně rozvíjela kázání a studium, její členy najdeme mezi biskupy, papežské kaplany, inkvizitory a profesory teologie. Také pozdější nekonformní postoje vůči husitství a dlouhodobé přežívání v organizované exilové fázi spolu s klatovskou katolickou menšinou, a to i po vyplenění domácího kláštera (1419), svědčí o nemalé dominikánské identitě a odhodlání jejích členů.
Keywords:
The Dominican Order; Late Middle Ages; Bohemia; Religious Orders; Mendicants; Klatovy
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
The Dominicans in Klatovy and the Spiritual Atmosphere in the Late Middle Ages
The Dominican Convent (founded 1267/1290) formed together with the Hospital of The Holy Spirit (1289) of the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star, two religious institutions that enriched the ...
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