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Statistical analyses of Land Surface Temperature in Local Climate Zones: Case study of Brno and Prague (Czech Republic)
Geletič, Jan; Dobrovolný, Petr; Lehnert, M.
2017 - English
The classification of "local climate zones" (LCZs) emerged in urban climatology to standardize description of urban climate research sites. One of the goals of classification was to get beyond urban-rural dichotomy which enabled to study urban air temperature field in more detail. Based on empirical and modelling work LCZ have proven effective in examining intra-urban air temperature differences, however a robust examination of intra-urban land surface temperatures using the LCZ framework remains elusive. In this study a GIS-based method is used for LCZ delimitation in Prague and Brno (Czech Republic), while land surface temperatures (LSTs) derived from LANDSAT and ASTER satellite data are employed for exploring the extent to which LCZ classes discriminate with respect to LSTs. Results indicate that LCZs demonstrate the features typical of LST variability, and thus typical surface temperatures differ significantly among most LCZs. ANOVA and subsequent multiple comparison tests demonstrated that significant temperature differences between the various LCZs prevail in both cities (89.3% and 91.6% significant LST differences for Brno and Prague respectively). In general, LCZ 8 (large low-rise buildings), LCZ 10 (heavy industry) and LCZ D (low plants) are well-distinguishable, while LCZ 2 (compact midrise), LCZ 4 (open high-rise), and LCZ 9 (sparsely built-up) are less distinguishable in terms of their LST. In most of the scenes LCZ 10 (heavy industry), LCZ 2 (mid-rise buildings) and LCZ 3 (low-rise building) are the warmest and LCZ G (water bodies) and LCZ A (dense forest) are the coolest zones in term of their LST. Further studies are needed to account for observational errors (such as seasons differences or thermal anisotropy) on LCZ LST patterns.
Keywords:
Land Surface Temperature; Local Climate Zones; aster; landsat; Analysis of variance
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Statistical analyses of Land Surface Temperature in Local Climate Zones: Case study of Brno and Prague (Czech Republic)
The classification of "local climate zones" (LCZs) emerged in urban climatology to standardize description of urban climate research sites. One of the goals of classification was to get beyond ...
Use of the ceilometer data to explainig changes in pollutants concetration gradient in the air during the day
Komínková, Kateřina; Holoubek, Ivan
2017 - Czech
For the interpretation of air pollutants concentrations, the one of the key parameter is the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) evolution during a day and night. The ABL is a broad concept that includes different states of airflow dynamics in the part of troposphere closest to the Earth's surface (0-2 km above the surface), which has an effect in this area. A lot of air flow changes occur in the ABL during the day. For the measurement of substances concentrations in the air the development of mixing layer (ML) in the light part of the day is very important. A lot of ground remote sensing methods was developed for determination of ABL height during the day, one of them which can be very simply operated is to use data from ceilometer. However, the obtained outputs cannot be directly interpreted. In addition, in the case of the terrain measurements a lot of cases when ABL height values cannot be determined because the ceilometer measurement is disturbed can occur.\n\n Pro interpretaci naměřených koncentrací látek znečišťujících atmosféru je jedním z klíčových parametrů výška mezní vrstvy atmosféry a její vývoj během dne. Planetární mezní vrstva (angl. Planetary Boundary Layer - PBL) atmosféry je široký pojem, který v sobě zahrnuje různé stavy dynamiky proudění vzduchu v části troposféry nejblíže při zemském povrchu (0 – 2 km nad povrchem), jehož bezprostřední vliv se v této oblasti projevuje. Během dne dochází v PBL ke změnám proudění. Pro měření koncentrací látek v ovzduší je velmi podstatný především vývoj (konvektivní) směšovací vrstvy (angl. Mixing Layer - ML) ve světelné části dne. Existuje řada nepřímých technik umožňujících stanovení vývoje výšky PBL, jednou z metod ednoduchou na provoz je stanovení výšky PBL na základě dat z ceilometru. Získaná data jsou ale poměrně náročná pro interpretaci. Při měření v terénu navíc nastává poměrně hodně případů, kdy hodnoty výšky PBL není možné neboť měření ceilometrem je rušeno.
Keywords:
ceilometr; atmospheric boundary layer; mixing layer height concentration gradient; tropospheric ozone
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Use of the ceilometer data to explainig changes in pollutants concetration gradient in the air during the day
For the interpretation of air pollutants concentrations, the one of the key parameter is the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) evolution during a day and night. The ABL is a broad concept that includes ...
Modulation of ozone flux in a mountain spruce forest under different cloud cover
Juráň, Stanislav; Fares, S.; Urban, Otmar
2017 - English
Ozone (O3) fluxes were modelled from a concentration gradient in a Norway spruce forest at the Bílý Kříž experimental station for years 2012–2016. Daily and seasonal O3 depositions were calculated separately for days with cloudy, partly cloudy, and clear sky conditions. The hypothesis that overcast conditions modulate O3 flux in the forest ecosystem via controlled stomatal conductance is tested. Indeed, the highest stomatal conductance followed by the highest O3 deposition was found during partly cloudy and cloudy sky conditions in all seasons.
Keywords:
ozone; norway spruce; sky conditions; inverse lagrangian transport model
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Modulation of ozone flux in a mountain spruce forest under different cloud cover
Ozone (O3) fluxes were modelled from a concentration gradient in a Norway spruce forest at the Bílý Kříž experimental station for years 2012–2016. Daily and seasonal O3 depositions were calculated ...
Influence of the chlorophylls-to-carotenoids ratio on light use efficiency estimation by optical parameters
Ač, Alexander; Kováč, Daniel; Veselovská, Petra; Večeřová, Kristýna; Klem, Karel
2017 - English
The influence is examined of changing leaf photosynthetic pigments concentrations on sensitivity of the\nphotochemical reflectance index (PRI) and ΔPRI optical parameters in relation to light use efficiency\n(LUE). Photosynthetic and leaf chlorophylls-to-carotenoids (Chl/Car) ratio changes during the growth of\nEuropean Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings were induced by altering the\nliving environment inside growth chambers. Point reflectance measurements of each individual tree were\nrecording changes in optical properties while measurements were being taken simultaneously of altering\nphotosynthesis. Based on the evaluation of 45 pairs of measurements conducted on six individual saplings,\nthe observed variability in the strength of the PRI and ΔPRI versus LUE relationships was compared to the\nresulting leaf Chl/Car ratio of each tree. Data were used to explain the influence of changing pigments on\nthe sensitivity of each individual optical parameter with regards to the LUE estimation.
Keywords:
chlorophylls carotenoids; light use efficiency; optical parameters
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Influence of the chlorophylls-to-carotenoids ratio on light use efficiency estimation by optical parameters
The influence is examined of changing leaf photosynthetic pigments concentrations on sensitivity of the\nphotochemical reflectance index (PRI) and ΔPRI optical parameters in relation to light use ...
Carbon-smart forestry for building resilience to global change
Brnkalakova, S.; Kluvánková, T.; Marek, Michal V.
2017 - English
The specific role of mountain ecosystems in the carbon cycle and their importance as carbon sinks already\nhas been noted within the broader debate about climate change. There has been progress in designing\nand attempts towards implementing such mountain-specific strategies as green economies, global and regional\nconventions, frameworks, and institutions. There is still need, however, for new and integrative approaches\nto governing mountains in a sustainable and adaptive way with local and global contributions.\nThe proper institutional arrangement, adaptive forest management, and sustainable use of forest ecosystems\ncan make a substantial contribution to the well-being of local communities as well as contribute to\nmitigating global climate change by provisioning of carbon sequestration ecosystem service. This paper\nexamines how reconfiguration of social practice in forest-dependent communities can address urgent societal\nchallenges. In particular, it considers the potential of a common pool resource regime for governance\nand carbon-smart forestry in innovative management of mountain ecosystems to meet societal and natural\nchallenges.
Keywords:
mountain ecosystem; carbon cycle; carbon forestry
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Carbon-smart forestry for building resilience to global change
The specific role of mountain ecosystems in the carbon cycle and their importance as carbon sinks already\nhas been noted within the broader debate about climate change. There has been progress in ...
Urban ecosystem services in climate change mitigation
Štecová, I.; Kluvánková, T.; Pavelka, Marian
2017 - English
Climate change and global warming rapidly affect urban residents’ well-being. More than 72% of Europeans\nlive in urban environments, and their well-being is closely related to environmental quality. How cities are\nplanned and structured can exacerbate the negative effects of climate change even as natural elements and\ngreen areas are shrinking. The impact of high temperature on human health during heat waves will be one of\nthe most serious problems associated with climate change, and especially in large urban areas. Heat islands\nare mainly due to high concentration and large areas of impermeable surfaces, low moisture, few green areas,\nand poor ventilation. We present results from measuring heat islands at two locations in Bratislava and interview\nkey actors from three cities to identify risk perception regarding climate change. Expected results aim\nto mainstream ecosystem services into spatial planning in cities in support of operationalizing microclimatic\nfunction of green infrastructure to mitigate negative impact of climate change in cities.
Keywords:
global warming; ecosystem services; climate change mitigation
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Urban ecosystem services in climate change mitigation
Climate change and global warming rapidly affect urban residents’ well-being. More than 72% of Europeans\nlive in urban environments, and their well-being is closely related to environmental quality. ...
Ecosystem services in environmental policy and decision-making in the Czech Republic
Daněk, Jan
2017 - English
In response to the increasing popularity of the ecosystem services concept among scholars and policy makers\non the international level, it has become time to analyse the current state and possibilities for national\npolicy and decision-making in reflecting this concept. This article presents a sneak preview of research\nfocused on content analysis of environmental policy documents. Two current and one outdated climate\nchange policy document are analysed regarding notions of the ecosystem services concept and other aspects\nof an ecosystem-based approach. The output data show contrasting results, with the Adaptation\nStrategy scoring very high compared to the Climate Protection Policy, which almost does not reflect the\necosystem services or related ecosystem approach. Implications of the results and the entire context of the\nresearch are discussed in respective sections.
Keywords:
ecosystem services; environmental policy; decision making; Czech Republic
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Ecosystem services in environmental policy and decision-making in the Czech Republic
In response to the increasing popularity of the ecosystem services concept among scholars and policy makers\non the international level, it has become time to analyse the current state and ...
Utilization of sampling filters from the Kresin atmospheric station for further analysis
Vítková, Gabriela; Kahoun, D.; Strnadová, G.; Hanuš, Vlastimil; Petrov, M.; Tříska, Jan; Holoubek, Ivan
2017 - Czech
The Kresin At Pacov Atmospheric Station serves as a monitoring point for the occurrence and remote transmission of greenhouse gases, selected atmospheric pollutants and basic meteorological characteristics. The determination of the GHG concentration (CO2, CH4, N2O, CO) is carried out in air continuously sampled at 10, 50, 125 and 250 m heights. The analysis itself takes place at the foot of a high mast where the air is drawn through the tubes of Synflex 1300. lines and individual analyzers are protected from mechanical pollution by input filters that are changed at regular intervals as part of the routine maintenance of the device or earlier when unexpected clogging occurs. Analyzing these filters can provide additional information about the surrounding area. These are stainless filters (Swagelog „T“ filter) with a porosity of 40 μm. A sampling head is provided in front of them to protect them from rough dirt and water drops. The volume flow of the scrubbed air is about 15 l / min, the exchange interval is usually 3 months. The need to replace these filters has increased in recent months as the flow rate on the sampling lines has fallen. The question arises as to how long the filters remain fully passable and how well they serve their purpose without burdening the sampling system and lowering the measurement quality. The results of analyzes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) carried out on filters at the Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Faculty of Science of South Bohemian University as well as images from the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) could be helpful in answering this question. On the basis of the preliminary results, we propose a more extensive study for the use of this waste material for the analysis of solid particles from the atmosphere in the surroundings of AS Křešín near Pacov and the optimization of the QA / QC sampling systems of greenhouse gas analyzers. Atmosférická stanice Křešín u Pacova slouží jako monitorovací bod výskytu a dálkového přenosu skleníkových plynů, vybraných atmosférických polutantů a základních meteorologických charakteristik. Stanovení koncentrace skleníkových plynů (CO2, CH4, N2O, CO) se provádí ve vzduchu kontinuálně vzorkovaném ve výškách 10, 50, 125 a 250 m. Samotná analýza probíhá u paty vysokého stožáru, kam je vzduch veden pomocí trubic z materiálu Synflex 1300. Vzorkovací linky a jednotlivé analyzátory jsou před mechanickým znečištěním chráněny vstupními filtry, které jsou měněny v pravidelných intervalech v rámci rutinní údržby zařízení, nebo dříve, dojde-li k jejich neočekávanému ucpání. Analýza těchto filtrů může poskytnout další informace o prostředí v okolí stanice. Jedná se o nerezové filtry (Swagelog „T“ filtr) s porozitou 40 μm. Před nimi je předsazena odběrová hlava sloužící k ochraně před hrubými nečistotami a kapkami vody. Objemový průtok prosávaného vzduchu činí cca 15 l/min, interval výměny je obvykle 3 měsíce. Potřeba výměny těchto filtrů se v posledních měsících zvýšila, neboť průtok na vzorkovacích linkách poklesl. Vyvstává otázka, jak dlouho filtry zůstávají plně průchozí a jak dobře slouží svému účelu, aniž by zatěžovaly vzorkovací systém a snižovaly kvalitu měření. K odpovědi na tuto otázku by mohly být nápomocny výsledky analýz polycyklických aromatických uhlovodíků (PAHs) prováděné na filtrech na Ústavu chemie a biochemie Přírodovědecké fakulty Jihočeské Univerzity a také snímky ze skenovacího elektronového mikroskopu (SEM). Na základě předběžných výsledků zde navrhujeme rozsáhlejší studii pro využití tohoto odpadního materiálu k analýze pevných částic z ovzduší v okolí AS Křešín u Pacova a optimalizaci postupů QA/QC vzorkovacího systému analyzátorů skleníkových plynů.
Keywords:
filters; greenhouse gases; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; scanning electron microscope
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Utilization of sampling filters from the Kresin atmospheric station for further analysis
The Kresin At Pacov Atmospheric Station serves as a monitoring point for the occurrence and remote transmission of greenhouse gases, selected atmospheric pollutants and basic meteorological ...
Sustainable use of natural resources in the Krkonoše Mountains National Park under climate change
Jakubínský, Jiří; Cudlín, Ondřej; Plch, Radek; Purkyt, Jan; Hellerová, S.; Cudlín, Pavel
2017 - Czech
The ongoing climate change and anthropogenic activities in the landscape can significantly influence the environmental values of the Krkonoše Mts. landscape and the resulting benefits for the humans. The paper presents selected partial results of the project, focused on the study of processes mentioned and mutual relations on the territory of the Krkonoše Mountains National Park. In particular, current problems and their causes were analysed in several key sectors related to the use of natural resources in the territory of the National Park – specifically agriculture, forestry, water resources, settlement structure and tourism. The topic is addressed using the DPSIR methodological framework whose individual components (socio-economic causes, pressures, state, profits and human responses) are quantified using a set of data available between 1991 and 2015. The development of the monitored indicators is expressed using an index of change, comparing the state at the beginning and the end of the given period. Based on the assessment of the development of individual DPSIR components, then it is possible to describe the trajectory of changes in the sub-sectors and to propose appropriate adaptation measures. The overall situation in water resources utilization can be described as rather positive, with a slightly improving trend. However, from the long-term point of view it will be necessary to realize measures to increasing water retention capacity of the landscape and maintain water consumption of big consumers, especially water for snowmaking of ski slopes.\n\n Míra antropogenního ovlivnění přírodních hodnot Krkonošského národního parku (dále KRNAP) byla v rámci představené studie analyzována prostřednictvím metodologického rámce DPSIR, jež spočívá v řešení řetězce kauzálních vztahů mezi hybnými silami vývoje (angl. „Driving forces“), vyvolanými tlaky („Pressures“), následným stavem ekosystému či analyzovaného území („State“) a vlastními dopady na strukturu a funkce ekosystému („Impacts“), (někdy dotaženými až na dopady na poskytování zisků pro společnost), které obvykle vedou také k určitým odezvám společnosti („Responses“) na tento stav (OECD, 1993, De Stefano, 2010). Na základě aplikace uvedeného konceptu na čtveřici vybraných odvětví lidské činnosti bylo možné posoudit, zda je dlouhodobé využívání přírodních zdrojů horských ekosystémů Krkonoš udržitelné, a to i v podmínkách změny klimatu. Zodpovězení této otázky představuje i cíl předloženého příspěvku. Za uvedená odvětví lidských aktivit, které se na využívání přírodních zdrojů horských lesů a subalpínských luk nejvíce podílejí, byla považována (1) sídlení struktura a turismus, (2) lesnictví, (3) zemědělství a (4) vodní hospodářství. Pro zajištění relevantních informací za jednotlivá řešená odvětví bylo využito velmi široké spektrum datových zdrojů, získaných rešeršemi odborné literatury, existujících databází i dalších informací, poskytnutých ze strany Správy KRNAP.\n
Keywords:
DPSIR concept; Krkonoše Mts.; national park; human impact; environmental change
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Sustainable use of natural resources in the Krkonoše Mountains National Park under climate change
The ongoing climate change and anthropogenic activities in the landscape can significantly influence the environmental values of the Krkonoše Mts. landscape and the resulting benefits for the humans. ...
Effect of artificially induced drought on growth and productivity of selected crops within field experiment in Bohemian-Moravian highlands
Wimmerová, Markéta; Hlavinka, Petr; Trnka, Miroslav; Žalud, Zdeněk; Pohanková, Eva
2017 - English
The field experiments based on manipulating the crop environment are critical for determining the crop’s response to the climatic conditions expected in the future. An experimental site in Domanínek is located by 49°31'42 N, 16°14'13 E at an altitude of 560 m (potato production area). The field experiment using rain-out shelters for soil water availability reduction was conducted in 2015/2016. The main aim of this study was to assess the impacts of different water availability (rain-out shelters vs. control) on the performance of selected field crops (spring barley, winter wheat, winter rape and silage maize). Reduction of precipitation in treatment with rain-out shelters was confirmed by measuring soil water content. The amount of precipitation during growing period was reduced by 251 mm, 277 mm, 217 mm and 240 mm for the spring barley, winter wheat, winter rape and silage maize, respectively. As a consequence, leaf area index and yields declined, however the crop responses were not consistent.
Keywords:
ANOVA; drought stress; field trial; LAI; rain-out shelter; water shortage
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Effect of artificially induced drought on growth and productivity of selected crops within field experiment in Bohemian-Moravian highlands
The field experiments based on manipulating the crop environment are critical for determining the crop’s response to the climatic conditions expected in the future. An experimental site in Domanínek ...
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