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The nature and identity of apologetics in light of the calls of scripture and the Second Vatican Council
NICOLSON, Stuart
2023 - English
Apologetics in recent times has had for many a negative value, and the term 'apologetics' did not appear in the Second Vatican Council documents. However, by returning to the sources in Scripture and the Early Church, especially Peter's call (1Peter 3:15-16) for all faithful to be ready to respond when questioned or challenged about their faith, and to do so in a Christian manner, apologetics can be understood as far more original, ordinary, and organic than how it is often defined. It was originally an integral part of Christians speaking out about their faith, participating with the Logos. Through a Petrine lens, apologetical calls and content can be identified in 10 of the 16 Vatican II documents, including two clear paraphrases of Peter's call. This indicates a problem in how apologetics is identified and understood. Part 1 provides a working definition for Petrine apologetics in order to identify its development through Christian history. Part 2 present a brief and selective history of apologetics. Petrine apologetics is observed and explored in Scripture in Part 2a, including in Jesus' ministry and the first Church generations. In Part 2b it is shown how a second century apologetical turn, particularly through Justin Martyr, reinforced by Eusebius, and concretised by several later Early Church Fathers, narrowed apologetics into becoming elite, intellectual, and clerical - not for all the faithful but the few. The Mediaeval period (Part 2c) could have seen a return to more universal Petrine apologetics, especially through the Fourth Lateran Council, but weak dissemination of its teachings meant the opportunity was lost. After the Reformation, in Part 2d, Charles Borromeo's pastoral apologetics stands out, as well as a growing movement based upon credibility in the English-speaking sphere where apologetics was becoming part of organic engagement of Catholics in Protestant societies. Part 3 focuses on Vatican II. The entrenched Justinian approach in Catholic Europe eschewed engagement with others, leaving apologetics as overly catechetical. Balthasar identified and rejected the old paradigm and the main reform ideas, calling for a new approach: Love Alone Is Credible. Many conciliar apologetics themes are congruent with his reform call, and with Petrine apologetics. In addition to apologetical calls, Vatican II shows that apologetical preparation should be embedded in Christian education (Gravissimum Educationis 2) and how apologetically prepared faithful should engage with society (Apostolicam Actuositatem 1, 2, 11, 29, 31, etc.). But the Council's apologetics calls were not developed and apologetics was mostly replaced by fundamental theology, which has problematic features from Justinian apologetics and the reform ideas Balthasar rejected, and is not related to the apologetical calls of Peter or Vatican II. However, there has been an organic development of apologetics since the 1980s. In Part 4, the problematic current state of Catholic understanding in the ordinary faithful is evident in two recent surveys. It is necessary to respond to this. By reframing apologetics according to the original Petrine call and its Vatican II confirmation, a New Apologetics (NA) can be developed that emphasises Peter's elements of preparation, response, in a Christian manner, for all the faithful. The Petrine elements are unpacked in today's context and several distinctions are explored, including objective and subjective approaches, and the spectrum of evangelisation-apologetics-catechetics. Three 'voices' are shown to have particularly contributed so far to NA: William Levada, Robert Barron, and Peter Kreeft. All intellectual and two being clerics, they have the insight and ability to guide developments. Looking forwards, the two named conciliar texts are explored in how they can be unpacked for developing an embedded apologetics of preparation, response, in a Christian manner: original, organic, ordinary apologetics. Apologetics in recent times has had for many a negative value, and the term 'apologetics' did not appear in the Second Vatican Council documents. However, by returning to the sources in Scripture and the Early Church, especially Peter's call (1Peter 3:15-16) for all faithful to be ready to respond when questioned or challenged about their faith, and to do so in a Christian manner, apologetics can be understood as far more original, ordinary, and organic than how it is often defined. It was originally an integral part of Christians speaking out about their faith, participating with the Logos. Through a Petrine lens, apologetical calls and content can be identified in 10 of the 16 Vatican II documents, including two clear paraphrases of Peter's call. This indicates a problem in how apologetics is identified and understood. Part 1 provides a working definition for Petrine apologetics in order to identify its development through Christian history. Part 2 present a brief and selective history of apologetics. Petrine apologetics is observed and explored in Scripture in Part 2a, including in Jesus' ministry and the first Church generations. In Part 2b it is shown how a second century apologetical turn, particularly through Justin Martyr, reinforced by Eusebius, and concretised by several later Early Church Fathers, narrowed apologetics into becoming elite, intellectual, and clerical - not for all the faithful but the few. The Mediaeval period (Part 2c) could have seen a return to more universal Petrine apologetics, especially through the Fourth Lateran Council, but weak dissemination of its teachings meant the opportunity was lost. After the Reformation, in Part 2d, Charles Borromeo's pastoral apologetics stands out, as well as a growing movement based upon credibility in the English-speaking sphere where apologetics was becoming part of organic engagement of Catholics in Protestant societies. Part 3 focuses on Vatican II. The entrenched Justinian approach in Catholic Europe eschewed engagement with others, leaving apologetics as overly catechetical. Balthasar identified and rejected the old paradigm and the main reform ideas, calling for a new approach: Love Alone Is Credible. Many conciliar apologetics themes are congruent with his reform call, and with Petrine apologetics. In addition to apologetical calls, Vatican II shows that apologetical preparation should be embedded in Christian education (Gravissimum Educationis 2) and how apologetically prepared faithful should engage with society (Apostolicam Actuositatem 1, 2, 11, 29, 31, etc.). But the Council's apologetics calls were not developed and apologetics was mostly replaced by fundamental theology, which has problematic features from Justinian apologetics and the reform ideas Balthasar rejected, and is not related to the apologetical calls of Peter or Vatican II. However, there has been an organic development of apologetics since the 1980s. In Part 4, the problematic current state of Catholic understanding in the ordinary faithful is evident in two recent surveys. It is necessary to respond to this. By reframing apologetics according to the original Petrine call and its Vatican II confirmation, a New Apologetics (NA) can be developed that emphasises Peter's elements of preparation, response, in a Christian manner, for all the faithful. The Petrine elements are unpacked in today's context and several distinctions are explored, including objective and subjective approaches, and the spectrum of evangelisation-apologetics-catechetics. Three 'voices' are shown to have particularly contributed so far to NA: William Levada, Robert Barron, and Peter Kreeft. All intellectual and two being clerics, they have the insight and ability to guide developments. Looking forwards, the two named conciliar texts are explored in how they can be unpacked for developing an embedded apologetics of preparation, response, in a Christian manner: original, organic, ordinary apologetics.
Keywords:
Apologetics; Apostolicam Actuositatem; Balthasar; Christian manner; Avery Dulles; Education; Engagement; Gravissimum Educationis; Justinian apologetics; Laity; New Apologetics; Ordinary apologetics; Organic apologetics; Original apologetics; Participation; Pastoral apologetics; Peter's call; Petrine apologetics; Practical apologetics; Preparation; Reframing; Response; Ressourcement; Second Vatican Council
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
The nature and identity of apologetics in light of the calls of scripture and the Second Vatican Council
Apologetics in recent times has had for many a negative value, and the term 'apologetics' did not appear in the Second Vatican Council documents. However, by returning to the sources in Scripture and ...
Carbon allocation strategies in algae exposed to stressful conditions
LUKEŠ, Martin
2019 - English
The acclimation of two green algae of order Chlamydomonadales to sub- and supra-optimal temperatures, as well as effects of light, temperature, and salinity on peculiar alga Chromera velia have been examined. The mechanism of acclimation of different algae to stressful conditions were described in terms of physiology and put to context within the ecological frame.
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Carbon allocation strategies in algae exposed to stressful conditions
The acclimation of two green algae of order Chlamydomonadales to sub- and supra-optimal temperatures, as well as effects of light, temperature, and salinity on peculiar alga Chromera velia have been ...
Factors limiting the distribution of the mycoheterotrophic plants in fragmented landscape
KOTILÍNEK, Milan
2021 - English
This thesis investigates the influence of habitat, dispersal abilities and evolution on distribution of mycoheterotrophic plants represented by six orchid species. Several methods including seed trapping, in situ seed germination, fungal barcoding, gene flow study and stable isotopes analyses were used to examine this topic. The final synthesis of these approaches shows lower limitation by dispersal abilities and stronger limitation by habitat. This thesis investigates the influence of habitat, dispersal abilities and evolution on distribution of mycoheterotrophic plants represented by six orchid species. Several methods including seed trapping, in situ seed germination, fungal barcoding, gene flow study and stable isotopes analyses were used to examine this topic. The final synthesis of these approaches shows lower limitation by dispersal abilities and stronger limitation by habitat.
Keywords:
germination; mixotrophy; orchid mycorrhiza; Orchidaceae; dispersal limitation; habitat limitation; habitat occupancy; fragmented landscape; gene flow; microsatellite DNA markers; seed dispersal; seed traps; next generation sequencing; fungal barcoding
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Factors limiting the distribution of the mycoheterotrophic plants in fragmented landscape
This thesis investigates the influence of habitat, dispersal abilities and evolution on distribution of mycoheterotrophic plants represented by six orchid species. Several methods including seed ...
Osobnostní rysy chování hraboše polního: Jejich behaviorální plasticita a vliv na rozmnožování
URBÁNKOVÁ, Gabriela
2021 - English
This thesis is focused on development of individual behavioural tendencies (i.e. animal personality), behavioural plasticity and its influence on reproduction succes in common voles (Microtus arvalis). Because common vole is one of our most common rodent species with huge impact in agriculture, we investigated still not studied aspects of common vole's life. The definition of personality traits implies their relative temporal stability as well as, stability under different environmental conditions. In two studies, this personality traits stability/plasticity is approached as phenotypic plasticity using behavioural reaction norm. The first study presents the result of lifelong testing of voles using four open field tests with two-month intervals. The second study, on the other hand, provides insights into the development of personality traits during three days of placing a vole in a new monitoring box environment. The third study analyses one of the possible mechanisms for maintaining personality traits in the vole population. Whether greater similarity in the behavioural personality traits of parental pairs leads to a higher number of offspring.
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Osobnostní rysy chování hraboše polního: Jejich behaviorální plasticita a vliv na rozmnožování
This thesis is focused on development of individual behavioural tendencies (i.e. animal personality), behavioural plasticity and its influence on reproduction succes in common voles (Microtus ...
Borrelia - host interactions: zoom in on the big picture.
STRNAD, Martin
2021 - English
The thesis was written with the intention to bring together cutting-edge imaging methods and applications in order to illustrate how imaging can answer pathogenesis-related questions in Lyme disease at various resolution scale. Correlative light and electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy and solution nuclear magnetic resonance have been used to shed light on the underlying mechanisms associated with Lyme disease Borrelia infection. Specifically, the key molecular players and interactions responsible for the variance in the pathogenicity and disease outcome of Borrelia species have been studied. The rationale behind such studies was highlighted by review articles, which are part of the thesis. The thesis was written with the intention to bring together cutting-edge imaging methods and applications in order to illustrate how imaging can answer pathogenesis-related questions in Lyme disease at various resolution scale. Correlative light and electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy and solution nuclear magnetic resonance have been used to shed light on the underlying mechanisms associated with Lyme disease Borrelia infection. Specifically, the key molecular players and interactions responsible for the variance in the pathogenicity and disease outcome of Borrelia species have been studied. The rationale behind such studies was highlighted by review articles, which are part of the thesis.
Keywords:
microscopy; borrelia; diversity; lyme disease; adhesins
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Borrelia - host interactions: zoom in on the big picture.
The thesis was written with the intention to bring together cutting-edge imaging methods and applications in order to illustrate how imaging can answer pathogenesis-related questions in Lyme disease ...
Pozorování hejnového chování ryb v pelagickém habitatu umělé vodní nádrže prostřednictvím videokamery
HOLUBOVÁ, Michaela
2020 - English
The research presented in this thesis contributes to broadening of the knowledge on free-living adult fish schools and behavioural patterns in a temperate freshwater reservoir. The behaviour of fish in the pelagic zone is rather poorly studied. Naturally, schooling tendency varied between species mostly due to increasing vulnerability to predation. Heterospecificity in schools was not a rare phenomenon, mainly for vulnerable species that shared the same space and food niche with a predatory less attractive species. The individual needs fluctuate as factors might be reconsidered in short time periods and most probably are reflected in behavioural responses. Individual responses are also reflected in the distribution of the fish in the reservoir and density in particular habitat. There is a "critical density" that triggers the formation of fish schools, followed by a slowing increase in density of fish clusters (observed units). This corresponds to increasing proportion of fish in a school and declining proportion of singletons. The trend of count of clusters tended to have an upper limit that should result in constant count of fish clusters after reaching a particular fish density. In other words, fish in the habitat maintain maximal distances even when the density increases. During high density periods the distances are kept by school formation. Overall the usage of the visual census as presented, proved to be a convenient tool for observation and assessment of freshwater fish. It has been demonstrated that the method can obtain comparable results to hydroacoustic survey amounts as well as purse seining. Výzkum prezentovaný v této práce přispívá k rozšíření znalostí o rybích hejnech a jejich vzorcích chování v sladkovodní nádrži. Obyvatelé pelagické zóny jsou z tohoto pohledu velmi málo zkoumáni. Tendence k tvoření hejn se lišila mezi rybími druhy zejména kvůli odlišné zranitelnosti vůči predaci. Poměrně často byly pozorovány hejna složené z více druhů ryb, častejší pak byly druhy zranitelné které ale sdílejí potravní a prostorovou niku s jiným druhem, který je méně atraktivní pro predátory. Potřeby jednotlivců se mění v čase a spolu s nimi jejich prostorová distribuce a denzita v konkrétním habitatu. Byla pozorována "kritická denzita", která je spouštěčem pro tvorbu hejn. S rostoucí denzitou roste proporce ryb v hejnech a zároveň klesá proporce samostatných jedinců. Počet shluků s denzitou rostl se zpomalujícím trendem po dosažení určité denzity ryb. Tímto způsobem si rybí shluky udržují mezi sebou maximální vzdálenosti a při rostoucí denzitě ryb v habitatu a vytvářejí pak větší hejna. Použití vizuálních metod se zdá být příhodným prostředkem pro pozorování a také hodnocení rybích spolčenstev, navíc správně použitá metoda může dostát srovatelných výsledků s tradičně používanými metodami: hydroakustickým průzkumem a košilkovým nevodem.
Keywords:
ryby; cejn; plotice; okoun; ouklej; kamera; UVC; hejnování; sladkovodní nádrž; antipredační chování; social behaviour
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Pozorování hejnového chování ryb v pelagickém habitatu umělé vodní nádrže prostřednictvím videokamery
The research presented in this thesis contributes to broadening of the knowledge on free-living adult fish schools and behavioural patterns in a temperate freshwater reservoir. The behaviour of fish ...
\kur{Apodemus} vs. \kur{Eimeria}: Evolutionary factors of speciation and genomic diversification in host-parasite system
MÁCOVÁ, Anna
2021 - English
This thesis discusses and explains phylogenetic patterns observed in two different organisms: Eimeria, an unicellular parasite, and Apodemus, a rodent that often serves as a host for this parasitic species. The situation in rodents is intuitive, clearly reflecting their biogeographic history. Phylogenetic pattern in A. agrarius corresponds with its spread from the core locality of its distribution eastward. The lack of the genetic variability in European populations hints the recent origin of this population with the low number of founders. The phylogeny of A. flavicollis, a rodent inhabiting almost the whole Europe, reflects the situation during the last glacial maximum (i.e. speciation in several subpopulations that did not interbreed, but retained their independent nature). The situation in Eimeria is more complex. Parasites always fight in "arm races", trying to accommodate to their hosts as best they can, and to avoid their defense. This results in coevolutionary events such as cospeciation, host switches, duplications, and other events that form the genetic variability in parasites. The study of evolutionary relationships in Eimeria may be difficult due to lack or morphological and/or relevant molecular data. This thesis adds more information to this view. Several other studies were also included in this thesis to provide a broader picture of the complexity of host-parasite systems. This thesis discusses and explains phylogenetic patterns observed in two different organisms: Eimeria, an unicellular parasite, and Apodemus, a rodent that often serves as a host for this parasitic species. The situation in rodents is intuitive, clearly reflecting their biogeographic history. Phylogenetic pattern in A. agrarius corresponds with its spread from the core locality of its distribution eastward. The lack of the genetic variability in European populations hints the recent origin of this population with the low number of founders. The phylogeny of A. flavicollis, a rodent inhabiting almost the whole Europe, reflects the situation during the last glacial maximum (i.e. speciation in several subpopulations that did not interbreed, but retained their independent nature). The situation in Eimeria is more complex. Parasites always fight in "arm races", trying to accommodate to their hosts as best they can, and to avoid their defense. This results in coevolutionary events such as cospeciation, host switches, duplications, and other events that form the genetic variability in parasites. The study of evolutionary relationships in Eimeria may be difficult due to lack or morphological and/or relevant molecular data. This thesis adds more information to this view. Several other studies were also included in this thesis to provide a broader picture of the complexity of host-parasite systems.
Keywords:
rodents; parasites; coevolution; host-parasite system; coccidia; evolution
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
\kur{Apodemus} vs. \kur{Eimeria}: Evolutionary factors of speciation and genomic diversification in host-parasite system
This thesis discusses and explains phylogenetic patterns observed in two different organisms: Eimeria, an unicellular parasite, and Apodemus, a rodent that often serves as a host for this parasitic ...
Functional analysis of circadian clock gene timeless in temperature compensation mechanism
SINGH, Samarjeet
2020 - English
This thesis is focussed on investigating the role of the circadian clock gene timeless in the temperature compensation mechanism in Drosophila melanogaster. To conduct the studies presented in this thesis advanced gene editing technique, CRISPR/Cas9, was used to target timeless and to create a variety of mutations. Application of various reverse genetics tools and behavioural methods described here contributed to the elucidation of timeless role in temperature compensation of the circadian clock. This thesis is focussed on investigating the role of the circadian clock gene timeless in the temperature compensation mechanism in Drosophila melanogaster. To conduct the studies presented in this thesis advanced gene editing technique, CRISPR/Cas9, was used to target timeless and to create a variety of mutations. Application of various reverse genetics tools and behavioural methods described here contributed to the elucidation of timeless role in temperature compensation of the circadian clock.
Keywords:
Reverse genetics; CRISPR/Cas9; Drosophila melanogaster; timeless; circadian clock; temperature compensation; screening
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Functional analysis of circadian clock gene timeless in temperature compensation mechanism
This thesis is focussed on investigating the role of the circadian clock gene timeless in the temperature compensation mechanism in Drosophila melanogaster. To conduct the studies presented in this ...
Selected proteolytic aspects as targets to combat ticks and tick borne pathogens
HARTMANN, David
2021 - English
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBD) represent a growing global burden for both human and animal health. Tick-host-pathogen interactions have evolved through dynamic processes that accommodated the genetic traits of the hosts, pathogens transmitted, and the vector tick species that mediate their development and survival. As in other parasites, proteases and proteolysis have been found as one of the key factors in this interaction triangle. This thesis is focused on selected proteolytic aspects of tick and tick-borne diseases: (i) processing of host blood as a source of nutrients and energy (hematophagy) as a continuum of the long-term goal of the Laboratory of Vector Immunology, that established the currently accepted model of multienzyme degradation of host blood proteins by ticks (ii) proteases in innate immunity (iii) validation of Babesia proteasome as a potential therapeutic target against the tick transmitted apicomplexan parasites. Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBD) represent a growing global burden for both human and animal health. Tick-host-pathogen interactions have evolved through dynamic processes that accommodated the genetic traits of the hosts, pathogens transmitted, and the vector tick species that mediate their development and survival. As in other parasites, proteases and proteolysis have been found as one of the key factors in this interaction triangle. This thesis is focused on selected proteolytic aspects of tick and tick-borne diseases: (i) processing of host blood as a source of nutrients and energy (hematophagy) as a continuum of the long-term goal of the Laboratory of Vector Immunology, that established the currently accepted model of multienzyme degradation of host blood proteins by ticks (ii) proteases in innate immunity (iii) validation of Babesia proteasome as a potential therapeutic target against the tick transmitted apicomplexan parasites.
Keywords:
klíště; proteázy; trávení krve; parazit; babesia; ixodes ricinus; ixodes scapularis; proteázom
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Selected proteolytic aspects as targets to combat ticks and tick borne pathogens
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBD) represent a growing global burden for both human and animal health. Tick-host-pathogen interactions have evolved through dynamic processes that accommodated the ...
Light-harvesting like domain of the cyanobacterial ferrochelatase
PAZDERNÍK, Marek
2019 - English
This thesis is focused on elucidating the function of the C-terminal transmembrane lightharvesting complex like (LHC) domain of the cyanobacterial ferrochelatase (FeCh). Using the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803, I show that the FeCh LHC domain can bind chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids; however, this pigment binding occurs only when the biosynthesis of heme and Chl in the cell is misbalanced. Further, I found that point mutation, which prevents the pigment binding to FeCh LHC domain results in a misregulated ratio between heme and Chl during stress conditions due to low heme accumulation. My data also show that the FeCh LHC domain interacts with CurT protein most likely to localize the FeCh into a specialized membrane domain, where the synthesis of photosystem II is proposed to occur. Based on my data I propose that the role of the FeCh LHC domain is to monitor the availability of Chl during photosystem biogenesis and to coordinate Chl availability with the synthesis of heme. This thesis is focused on elucidating the function of the C-terminal transmembrane lightharvesting complex like (LHC) domain of the cyanobacterial ferrochelatase (FeCh). Using the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803, I show that the FeCh LHC domain can bind chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids; however, this pigment binding occurs only when the biosynthesis of heme and Chl in the cell is misbalanced. Further, I found that point mutation, which prevents the pigment binding to FeCh LHC domain results in a misregulated ratio between heme and Chl during stress conditions due to low heme accumulation. My data also show that the FeCh LHC domain interacts with CurT protein most likely to localize the FeCh into a specialized membrane domain, where the synthesis of photosystem II is proposed to occur. Based on my data I propose that the role of the FeCh LHC domain is to monitor the availability of Chl during photosystem biogenesis and to coordinate Chl availability with the synthesis of heme.
Keywords:
ferrochelatase; light-harvesting complex; heme; chlorophyll; tetrapyrrole pathway
Available in the Digital Repository of University of South Bohemia.
Light-harvesting like domain of the cyanobacterial ferrochelatase
This thesis is focused on elucidating the function of the C-terminal transmembrane lightharvesting complex like (LHC) domain of the cyanobacterial ferrochelatase (FeCh). Using the model cyanobacterium ...
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